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﴿ وَجَعَلُواْ لَهُۥ مِنۡ عِبَادِهِۦ جُزۡءًاۚ إِنَّ ٱلۡإِنسَٰنَ لَكَفُورٞ مُّبِينٌ ﴾

سورة الزخرف

But they have attributed to Him from His servants a portion.[1434] Indeed, man is clearly ungrateful.

﴿ أَوَلَا يَعۡلَمُونَ أَنَّ ٱللَّهَ يَعۡلَمُ مَا يُسِرُّونَ وَمَا يُعۡلِنُونَ ﴾

سورة البقرة

But do they not know that Allāh knows what they conceal and what they declare?

﴿ أَيَوَدُّ أَحَدُكُمۡ أَن تَكُونَ لَهُۥ جَنَّةٞ مِّن نَّخِيلٖ وَأَعۡنَابٖ تَجۡرِي مِن تَحۡتِهَا ٱلۡأَنۡهَٰرُ لَهُۥ فِيهَا مِن كُلِّ ٱلثَّمَرَٰتِ وَأَصَابَهُ ٱلۡكِبَرُ وَلَهُۥ ذُرِّيَّةٞ ضُعَفَآءُ فَأَصَابَهَآ إِعۡصَارٞ فِيهِ نَارٞ فَٱحۡتَرَقَتۡۗ كَذَٰلِكَ يُبَيِّنُ ٱللَّهُ لَكُمُ ٱلۡأٓيَٰتِ لَعَلَّكُمۡ تَتَفَكَّرُونَ ﴾

سورة البقرة

Would one of you like to have a garden of palm trees and grapevines underneath which rivers flow in which he has from every fruit? But he is afflicted with old age and has weak [i.e., immature] offspring, and it is hit by a whirlwind containing fire and is burned. Thus does Allāh make clear to you [His] verses that you might give thought.

﴿ وَلَئِن سَأَلۡتَهُمۡ لَيَقُولُنَّ إِنَّمَا كُنَّا نَخُوضُ وَنَلۡعَبُۚ قُلۡ أَبِٱللَّهِ وَءَايَٰتِهِۦ وَرَسُولِهِۦ كُنتُمۡ تَسۡتَهۡزِءُونَ ﴾

سورة التوبة

And if you ask them, they will surely say, "We were only conversing and playing." Say, "Is it Allāh and His verses and His Messenger that you were mocking?"

﴿ قُلِ ٱدۡعُواْ ٱلَّذِينَ زَعَمۡتُم مِّن دُونِهِۦ فَلَا يَمۡلِكُونَ كَشۡفَ ٱلضُّرِّ عَنكُمۡ وَلَا تَحۡوِيلًا ﴾

سورة الإسراء

Say, "Invoke those you have claimed [as gods] besides Him, for they do not possess the [ability for] removal of adversity from you or [for its] transfer [to someone else]."

﴿ إِن نَّشَأۡ نُنَزِّلۡ عَلَيۡهِم مِّنَ ٱلسَّمَآءِ ءَايَةٗ فَظَلَّتۡ أَعۡنَٰقُهُمۡ لَهَا خَٰضِعِينَ ﴾

سورة الشعراء

4. If We will, We could send down to them from the heaven a sign, to which they would bend their necks in humility.

﴿ مَثَلُهُمۡ كَمَثَلِ ٱلَّذِي ٱسۡتَوۡقَدَ نَارٗا فَلَمَّآ أَضَآءَتۡ مَا حَوۡلَهُۥ ذَهَبَ ٱللَّهُ بِنُورِهِمۡ وَتَرَكَهُمۡ فِي ظُلُمَٰتٖ لَّا يُبۡصِرُونَ ﴾

سورة البقرة

Their example is that of one who kindled a fire, but when it illuminated what was around him, Allāh took away their light and left them in darkness [so] they could not see.

﴿ بِأَييِّكُمُ ٱلۡمَفۡتُونُ ﴾

سورة القلم

6. Which of you is afflicted with madness.

﴿ وَمَا يَنطِقُ عَنِ ٱلۡهَوَىٰٓ ﴾

سورة النجم

Nor does he speak out of his own desire.

﴿ وَإِذَا بَدَّلۡنَآ ءَايَةٗ مَّكَانَ ءَايَةٖ وَٱللَّهُ أَعۡلَمُ بِمَا يُنَزِّلُ قَالُوٓاْ إِنَّمَآ أَنتَ مُفۡتَرِۭۚ بَلۡ أَكۡثَرُهُمۡ لَا يَعۡلَمُونَ ﴾

سورة النحل

101. And when We change a Verse (of the Qur’ân,) in place of another - and Allâh knows best what He sends down - they (the disbelievers) say: "You (O Muhammad صلى الله عليه و سلم) are but a Muftari! (forger, liar)." Nay, but most of them know not.

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Jābir ibn ‘Abdullāh (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that a man came while the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) was giving the Friday sermon. So he (the Prophet) said to him: "O So and so, have you prayed?" He said: 'No.' The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Get up and pray two Rak‘ahs." In another narration: "Then pray two Rak‘ahs."

Narrated by Bukhari & Muslim

Sulayk al-Ghatafāni entered the Prophet's mosque while the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) was giving the sermon on Friday. He sat down to listen to the sermon without performing the two-Rak‘ah mosque-greeting prayer. He was either unfamiliar with the ruling on that payer or thought that listening to the sermon was more important than performing it. The Prophet's engagement in giving the sermon did not prevent him from teaching Sulayk; rather, he addressed him asking if he had prayed in the corner of the mosque before he spotted him. When Sulayk said that he had not prayed, the Prophet commanded him to get up and pray two Rak‘ahs. According to a report in Sahīh Muslim, the Prophet asked him to pray two short Rak‘ahs. The Prophet gave instructions to the man in the presence of a big gathering for two reasons: to teach him something that he needed to learn at the time of need and to educate others as well. So for anyone entering the mosque while the Imām is giving the sermon, it is prescribed for him to pray before sitting to listen to it. This Hadīth is evidence for it, along with another Hadīth that reads: "If one of you comes to the mosque on Friday while the Imām is giving the sermon, let him pray two Rak‘ahs and keep them short." Commenting on this Hadīth in his explanation of Sahīh Muslim, An-Nawawi said: "This is an explicit text that may not be subjected to interpretation. I do not think that a scholar who is informed of this wording and believes in its authenticity would go against it."

Salāmah ibn al-Akwa‘ (may Allah be pleased with him) who was amongst those who had given the pledge of allegiance to the Prophet beneath the Tree, reported: We used to perform the Friday prayer with the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) and leave at a time when the walls had no shadow for us to take shelter in. Another wording reads: "We used to perform the Friday prayer with the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) after the sun had passed the meridian, then we would return and try to find shadow."

Narrated by Bukhari & Muslim

Salāmah ibn al-Akwa‘ (may Allah be pleased with him) mentioned that they used to attend the Friday prayer with the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him). They used to perform it early to the extent that they would listen to the two sermons, finish the prayer, and go home at a time when the walls had no enough shadow for them to take shelter in. The second version of the Hadīth states that they used to perform the Friday prayer with the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) after the sun passes the meridian then they would return to their homes. Scholars have agreed that the due time of the Friday prayer ends at the same time Zhuhr prayer ends. It is preferable, though, to perform that prayer after the sun passes the meridian because this is what the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) used to do most of the time. Scholars also unanimously agree on that time. However, it is permissible to perform that prayer just before the sun passes the meridian in case there is a need for that, like in extremely hot weather and there is no shadow to take shelter in, or when people want to set out for Jihad before or around the meridian time.

‘Abdullāh ibn ‘Umar ibn al-Khattāb (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) used to deliver two sermons between which he used to sit. Another narration reported by Jābir (may Allah be pleased with him) reads: "The Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) used to deliver two sermons while standing, and he would separate them by sitting."

Al-Bayhaqi - Narrated by Bukhari & Muslim

Friday is a large all-inclusive gathering for the people of a town, and that is why, out of his wisdom, the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) used to deliver two sermons on Friday to direct the people towards good and warn them against evil. He used to give the two sermons while standing on the pulpit in order to be more eloquent in teaching and reminding them, in addition to the fact that standing displays the strength and splendor of Islam. When he concluded the first sermon, he would sit for a short while in order to rest, thereby separating the first sermon from the second. Then he would stand and give the second sermon; (he did this) so that the orator would not tire and the listeners would not become bored.

Mu‘ādh ibn Anas al-Juhani (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) forbade Hibwah (a sitting position) on Friday while the Imām is delivering the sermon.

Narrated by At-Termedhy - Narrated by Abu Daoud - Narrated by Ahmad

This Hadīth is abrogated as Abu Dawūd pointed out. The meaning of it is as related by Mu‘ādh ibn Anas from the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) who forbade Hibwah on Friday while the Imām is delivering the sermon. Hibwah means sitting with the thighs drawn up to the belly and the calves to the thighs, held together by the arms, a belt, a turban, etc. This was forbidden by the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) when the Imām is delivering the Friday sermon, for two reasons: 1. Hibwah might cause one to fall asleep and sleep through the sermon. 2. The ‘Awrah might become exposed, because most of the [ancient] Arabs only wore one piece of clothing, so sitting in this way might expose their ‘Awrah. An-Nawawi (may Allah have mercy upon him) comments: “Hibwah was a common practice among Arabs in their gatherings. If sitting this way uncovers a part of one's ‘Awrah, it is forbidden.” However, if there is no such a risk, then Hibwah is fine, because the prohibition was for a specific reason and if that reason that no longer exists, the prohibition is removed. We also know from a Hadīth that ‘Abbād ibn Tamīm reported from his uncle who said “I saw the Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) lying on his back in the mosque with one of his legs over the other."

Hafsah (may Allah be pleased with her) reported: The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) used to pray two light Rak‘ahs after the break of dawn. Another narration reads: "before the (Fajr) prayer would start."

Narrated by Bukhari

Hafsah (may Allah be pleased with her) informs us in this Hadīth about one of the regular practices of the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him). He used to pray two Rak‘ahs, which are the regular Sunnah prayer before Fajr. He did not pray more than two, as mentioned in the narration in Sahīh Muslim on the authority of Hafsah (may Allah be pleased with her) in which she said: "When the dawn broke, he would not pray except two light Rak‘ahs." 'Light' in this Hadīth means that he used to shorten the standing, bowing, and prostration to such an extent that ‘Ā'ishah used to wonder – as mentioned in Sahīh Al-Bukhāri – whether he had recited Sūrat al-Fātihah or not. This does not mean that he used to perform them so quickly that he would neglect some of the pillars of the prayer of standing, bowing, and prostrating. Rather, the correct meaning is that he used to shorten them in comparison to the rest of the voluntary prayers, which he would usually lengthen. "After the break of dawn", i.e. as soon as dawn broke, he would hasten to perform those two Rak‘ahs before the Iqāmah (second call to prayer) of the Fajr prayer. This means that the time for the two regular voluntary Rak‘ahs of Fajr starts at the break of dawn and lasts until the Iqāmah of the Fajr prayer.

‘Ā’ishah, Mother of the Believers, (may Allah be pleased with her) reported: The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) did not ever leave four before Zhuhr and two Rak‘ahs before morning.

Narrated by Bukhari

‘Ā’ishah (may Allah be pleased with her) informed that the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) used to regularly offer the supererogatory prayers in her house without ever leaving them: four Rak‘ahs (unit of prayer) with two Taslīms before the Zhuhr prayer and two Rak‘ahs before the Fajr prayer.

’Umm Habībah, the Prophet's wife, (may Allah be pleased with her) reported: I heard the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) say: "Whoever regularly observes four Rak‘ahs before Zhuhr and four after it, Allah will make him forbidden to Hellfire."

The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) gave glad tidings to one who constantly and regularly offers four voluntary Rak‘ahs before the Zhuhr prayer and four voluntary Rak‘ahs after it that Allah will make him forbidden to Hellfire.

‘Abdullāh ibn ‘Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: "May Allah have mercy on whoever offers four Rak‘ahs before the ‘Asr prayer."

Narrated by At-Termedhy - Narrated by Abu Daoud - Narrated by Ahmad

This noble Hadīth highlights the virtue of the Muslim who offers four voluntary Rak‘ahs before ‘Asr prayer, for the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) supplicated Allah to have mercy upon the one who does it.

Ibn ‘Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: "(Voluntary) prayer in both the day and night is performed two by two."

Narrated by Ibn Majah - Narrated by At-Termedhy - An-Nasaa’i - Narrated by Abu Daoud - Narrated by Ahmad

Explanation of the Hadīth: "(Voluntary) prayer in both the day and night is performed two by two." The origin of this Hadīth was narrated by Al-Bukhāri and Muslim with the wording: "The night prayer is to be performed in two by two." Some narrators added "and the day prayer", but this addition is weak. The meaning is that anyone wishes to perform voluntary prayers at night or in the daytime, he should make Taslīm after each two Rak‘ahs. This was explicitly stated in Sahīh Muslim in the Hadīth reported by Ibn ‘Umar (may Allah be pleased with him). When Ibn ‘Umar was asked about the meaning of "two by two", he said: "That you make Taslīm after each two Rak‘ahs." This is the opinion of the majority of scholars concerning the night prayer. In other words, it is not permissible to offer voluntary prayers at night with more than two Rak‘ahs per each prayer. Witr prayer is an exception to this ruling, and the person can perform more than two Rak‘ahs in it, because this is established by the Sunnah. In the voluntary prayers during the daytime, it is permissible for the Muslim to perform more than two Rak‘ahs per each prayer. However, it is preferable to perform them two by two as well.

Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: "The most excellent fast after Ramadan is Allah's month, Muharram, and the most excellent prayer after what is prescribed is prayer during the night."

Narrated by Muslim