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﴿ ۞ إِنَّآ أَوۡحَيۡنَآ إِلَيۡكَ كَمَآ أَوۡحَيۡنَآ إِلَىٰ نُوحٖ وَٱلنَّبِيِّـۧنَ مِنۢ بَعۡدِهِۦۚ وَأَوۡحَيۡنَآ إِلَىٰٓ إِبۡرَٰهِيمَ وَإِسۡمَٰعِيلَ وَإِسۡحَٰقَ وَيَعۡقُوبَ وَٱلۡأَسۡبَاطِ وَعِيسَىٰ وَأَيُّوبَ وَيُونُسَ وَهَٰرُونَ وَسُلَيۡمَٰنَۚ وَءَاتَيۡنَا دَاوُۥدَ زَبُورٗا ﴾

سورة النساء

Indeed, We have revealed to you, [O Muḥammad], as We revealed to Noah and the prophets after him. And We revealed to Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, the Descendants,[235] Jesus, Job, Jonah, Aaron, and Solomon; and to David We gave the book [of Psalms].

﴿ وَلِتَصۡغَىٰٓ إِلَيۡهِ أَفۡـِٔدَةُ ٱلَّذِينَ لَا يُؤۡمِنُونَ بِٱلۡأٓخِرَةِ وَلِيَرۡضَوۡهُ وَلِيَقۡتَرِفُواْ مَا هُم مُّقۡتَرِفُونَ ﴾

سورة الأنعام

so that the hearts of those who disbelieve in the Hereafter may incline towards it and be pleased with it, and may commit whatever sins they want.

﴿ لَّقَد تَّابَ ٱللَّهُ عَلَى ٱلنَّبِيِّ وَٱلۡمُهَٰجِرِينَ وَٱلۡأَنصَارِ ٱلَّذِينَ ٱتَّبَعُوهُ فِي سَاعَةِ ٱلۡعُسۡرَةِ مِنۢ بَعۡدِ مَا كَادَ يَزِيغُ قُلُوبُ فَرِيقٖ مِّنۡهُمۡ ثُمَّ تَابَ عَلَيۡهِمۡۚ إِنَّهُۥ بِهِمۡ رَءُوفٞ رَّحِيمٞ ﴾

سورة التوبة

Indeed, Allah has turned in mercy to the Prophet, the Emigrants and the Helpers who followed him in the hour of hardship [at Tabūk], after some of them were about to lose heart. Then He turned to them in mercy, for He is All-Gracious, Most Merciful to them.

﴿ الٓرۚ تِلۡكَ ءَايَٰتُ ٱلۡكِتَٰبِ ٱلۡمُبِينِ ﴾

سورة يوسف

Alif Lām Ra[1]. These are the verses of the clear Book.

﴿ يَٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ لَا تَدۡخُلُواْ بُيُوتَ ٱلنَّبِيِّ إِلَّآ أَن يُؤۡذَنَ لَكُمۡ إِلَىٰ طَعَامٍ غَيۡرَ نَٰظِرِينَ إِنَىٰهُ وَلَٰكِنۡ إِذَا دُعِيتُمۡ فَٱدۡخُلُواْ فَإِذَا طَعِمۡتُمۡ فَٱنتَشِرُواْ وَلَا مُسۡتَـٔۡنِسِينَ لِحَدِيثٍۚ إِنَّ ذَٰلِكُمۡ كَانَ يُؤۡذِي ٱلنَّبِيَّ فَيَسۡتَحۡيِۦ مِنكُمۡۖ وَٱللَّهُ لَا يَسۡتَحۡيِۦ مِنَ ٱلۡحَقِّۚ وَإِذَا سَأَلۡتُمُوهُنَّ مَتَٰعٗا فَسۡـَٔلُوهُنَّ مِن وَرَآءِ حِجَابٖۚ ذَٰلِكُمۡ أَطۡهَرُ لِقُلُوبِكُمۡ وَقُلُوبِهِنَّۚ وَمَا كَانَ لَكُمۡ أَن تُؤۡذُواْ رَسُولَ ٱللَّهِ وَلَآ أَن تَنكِحُوٓاْ أَزۡوَٰجَهُۥ مِنۢ بَعۡدِهِۦٓ أَبَدًاۚ إِنَّ ذَٰلِكُمۡ كَانَ عِندَ ٱللَّهِ عَظِيمًا ﴾

سورة الأحزاب

O you who believe, do not enter the houses of the Prophet unless you are given permission for a meal; not so early as to wait for the meal to be prepared. But if you are invited, then enter, and when you have eaten, then disperse, without lingering for conversation. Such [behavior] causes annoyance to the Prophet; he is too shy to express it to you, but Allah is not shy of [telling] the truth. And if you ask his wives for something, ask them from behind a screen; that is purer for your hearts and their hearts. It is not lawful for you to cause annoyance to Allah’s Messenger, or to ever marry his wives after him, for that is indeed an enormous sin before Allah.

﴿ مَا ضَلَّ صَاحِبُكُمۡ وَمَا غَوَىٰ ﴾

سورة النجم

2. Your companion (Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم) has neither gone astray nor has erred.

﴿ ٱلَّذِينَ يَنقُضُونَ عَهۡدَ ٱللَّهِ مِنۢ بَعۡدِ مِيثَٰقِهِۦ وَيَقۡطَعُونَ مَآ أَمَرَ ٱللَّهُ بِهِۦٓ أَن يُوصَلَ وَيُفۡسِدُونَ فِي ٱلۡأَرۡضِۚ أُوْلَٰٓئِكَ هُمُ ٱلۡخَٰسِرُونَ ﴾

سورة البقرة

those who break the covenant of Allah after it has been ratified, sever bonds that Allah has commanded to be maintained[17], and spread corruption in the land. It is they who are the losers.

﴿ لَا جَرَمَ أَنَّ ٱللَّهَ يَعۡلَمُ مَا يُسِرُّونَ وَمَا يُعۡلِنُونَۚ إِنَّهُۥ لَا يُحِبُّ ٱلۡمُسۡتَكۡبِرِينَ ﴾

سورة النحل

Undoubtedly, Allah knows what they conceal and what they reveal[14]. Indeed, He does not like those who are arrogant.

﴿ إِنَّ يَوۡمَ ٱلۡفَصۡلِ كَانَ مِيقَٰتٗا ﴾

سورة النبأ

17. Verily, the Day of Decision is a fixed time,

﴿ وَبَنَيۡنَا فَوۡقَكُمۡ سَبۡعٗا شِدَادٗا ﴾

سورة النبأ

And constructed above you seven strong [heavens]

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‘Amr ibn ‘Abasah (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: I heard the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) say: "Whoever shoots an arrow in the cause of Allah will receive the same reward of freeing a slave."

Narrated by At-Termedhy - An-Nasaa’i - Narrated by Abu Daoud - Narrated by Ahmad

Whoever shoots an arrow at the enemies of Allah the Exalted, he will have the reward of the one who freed a slave in the cause of Allah, whether his arrow hit the enemy or not, as in the narration of An-Nasā'i: "Whoever shoots an arrow in the cause of Allah, the Exalted, whether it hit the enemy or not..." If his arrow does hit the enemy, then he would attain a (higher) degree in Paradise as mentioned in the narration of Abu Dawūd: "Whoever hits the enemy with an arrow in the cause of Allah, the Exalted, will attain a degree," and the narration of Ahmad adds: "in Paradise".

Mu‘ādh (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Paradise is guaranteed for any Muslim who fights in the cause of Allah for the length of time between two milkings of a she-camel. Anyone is wounded or injured in the cause of Allah, it will come on the Day of Judgment bleeding the most it ever bled, but its color will be like saffron and its fragrance will be like musk."

Narrated by Ibn Majah - Narrated by At-Termedhy - An-Nasaa’i - Narrated by Abu Daoud - Narrated by Ahmad - Ad-Daarimi

Paradise will be guaranteed for any Muslim who fights in the cause of Allah, even if only for a short while, such as the time duration between two consecutive turns of milking. This period is as short as it allows the she-camel to be milked, then left so that her calf can feed, and then returned to be milked another time. Anyone is injured in the cause of Allah, the Almighty, such as the injury from falling from his horse or from a sword, etc., even if it is a minor injury, he will come on the Day of Judgment with his wound bleeding profusely, except that the blood color will be that of saffron and the loveliest scent of musk will be released from it.

‘Umar ibn al-Khattāb (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: "On the Day (of the battle) of Khaybar, some of the Companions of the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) came and remarked: So-and-so is a martyr and so-and-so is a martyr. When they came to a man and said: So-and-so is a martyr, the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Nay, I saw him in the Fire because of a mantle – or a cloak – that he had taken without right (from the war spoils)."

Narrated by Muslim

‘Umar ibn al-Khattāb (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that on the Day of the battle of Khaybar, some of the Companions of the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) came saying: So-and-so is a martyr and so-and-so is a martyr. When they came to a man about whom they said: So-and-so is a martyr, the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) remarked: Nay. I saw him in the Fire because of a cloak (from the war spoils) that he had concealed for himself. Thus, he was punished for it in Hellfire and this great attribute of martyrdom in the cause of Allah was negated from him.

‘Abdullāh ibn Zayd ibn ‘Āsim (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: When Allah gave war booty to His Messenger (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) on the Day of Hunayn, he distributed the booty among the people, and among those whose hearts had been recently reconciled to Islam. He did not give anything to the Ansār. It seemed that they felt uneasy that they did not receive a share like the others. Upon this, the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) addressed them saying: "O people of the Ansār, did I not find you in a state of misguidance then Allah guided you aright through me? Were you not in a state of disunity then Allah brought you together through me? Were you not in a state of poverty then Allah made you wealthy through me?" Every time he said something, they replied: "Allah and His Messenger are the most benevolent." Then he asked: "Why do you not answer me?" They said: "Allah and His Messenger are the most benevolent." He said: "If you wish, you may say 'you came to us in such-and-such a state.' Would you not be satisfied that the people go away with goats and camels and you go away with the Messenger of Allah to your homes? Were it not for Hijrah, I would have been a man from the Ansār. If the people were to tread a valley or a mountain pass, I would tread the valley and mountain pass of the Ansār. The Ansār are like Shi‘ār (inner garments), while other people are like Dithār (outer garments). No doubt, you will see people favored over you after me (in getting worldly benefits). So be patient until you meet me at the Basin)."

Narrated by Bukhari & Muslim

When Allah, the Almighty, bestowed upon His Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) a large amount of war booty in the battle of Hunayn, and after he ended the blockade he had imposed on Taif, he returned to get the booty; the majority of which was in the form of cattle. He had more than 40,000 camels and 120 sheep. So, he gave some people who had recently accepted Islam to attract their hearts and make them firm upon Islam. Some of the Ansār disapproved of this, but the nobles amongst them understood that this action on part of the Prophet was correct. The ones who disapproved said: "The Messenger of Allah is giving the booty to people whose blood is dripping from our swords (i.e. whom we had just fought), and he is not giving us anything." When the Prophet was informed of this statement, he ordered that they be assembled under a large canopy and he addressed them, saying: "What is this statement that has reached me from you?" He admonished them and acknowledged the support they offered to him and to the religion of Islam which he came with. After speaking to them, they were appeased and realized the great reward that Allah had granted them, represented in their companionship of Allah's Messenger and their return home with him accompanying them, in addition to what Allah has prepared for them in the Hereafter because of their support and the efforts they exerted in His Cause. The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) also ordered them to show patience when they see other people favored over them after his death.

Jābir (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: "War is deception."

Narrated by Bukhari & Muslim

This Hadīth indicates the permissibility of using ploys and deception in the course of war with the disbelievers; as this would cause harm to the disbelievers and avert losses for Muslims. This is not frowned upon in the Shariah; on the contrary, it is something recommended and desirable. Ibn al-Munayyr (may Allah have mercy upon him) said: "The good war, which attains its complete objective, is the one involving deception, not confrontation, for confrontation involves danger, while deception achieves victory without risk." Treachery and violation of agreements between Muslims and their enemies do not fall under the permissible deception, however. Allah, the Almighty, says: {If you [have reason to] fear from a people betrayal, throw [their treaty] back to them, [putting you] on equal terms. Indeed, Allah does not like traitors} [Sūrat al-Anfāl: 58]. In other words, if you have an agreement with some people and you want to revoke it, you should notify them before going to war against them, so that both of you should become on an equal footing.

Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Of the people who live the best kind of life is the man who holds the reins of his horse (ever ready to march) in the way of Allah, flies on its back whenever he hears the war cry or the command to face the enemy; he flies to it seeking martyrdom or death at places where it is expected. Or a man who lives with some sheep at a hill-top or in a valley, performs prayer regularly, gives Zakah and worships his Lord until death comes to him. He does not mix with people except for a good cause.”

Narrated by Muslim

This Hadīth explains that one of the best ways of living is that of a man who is holding on to his horse's reins, i.e. ready to march in the cause of Allah. He gallops on its back whenever he hears the cry for war or the command to fight. He seeks thereby to be killed where death is expected out of his intense desire to become a martyr. The Hadīth also indicates that withdrawing and secluding oneself from the people is a good thing, and whoever is in a remote place, such as a valley or mountain pass, secluded from the people and worshiping Allah and mixing with people only when necessary for a good cause, then this is good for him.

Abu Sa‘īd al-Khudri (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) dispatched a force to Banu Lahyān and said: "Let one of every two men proceed (to join the military force), and both will share the reward." Another narration reads: "Let one of every two men go out (to join the military force)." Then, he said to those who stayed behind: "Anyone among you stays behind and takes good care of the family and property of a warrior (in the cause of Allah) will receive half the reward of the warrior."

Narrated by Muslim

The Hadīth of Abu Sa‘īd al-Khudri (may Allah be pleased with him) shows that the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) wanted to dispatch an army to Banu Lahyān, who were one of the most famous clans of the tribe of Hudhayl. Scholars agreed that Banu Lahyan were disbelievers at that time, so the Prophet dispatched an army to invade them, saying to that army: Let one of every two men proceed to join the military force, which means half the men of every tribe should go. He stated that both the worrier and the one who stays behind to take care of the worrier's family and property will share the reward. This is confirmed in a previous Hadīth that reads: "Anyone stays behind a warrior in the cause of Allah has indeed participated in the raid," and the other explicit Hadīth narrated by Imām Muslim that reads: "Anyone among you stays behind and takes good care of the family and property of a warrior in the cause of Allah will receive half the reward of the warrior". This means that the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) ordered that one of every two should join the army and the other should stay behind to look after the warrior's family and receive half the reward of the warrior. The other half would be for the warrior himself.

‘Abdullāh ibn ‘Amr ibn al-‘Ās (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: “No invading group or detachment sets out to fight in the cause of Allah and gets its share of the booty and returns safe and sound, but it has been given two-thirds of its reward in this world. On the other hand, no invading group or detachment returns defeated and injured but it will receive its full reward in the Hereafter.”

Narrated by Muslim

There are two possible interpretations of this Hadīth: First: The reward of any detachment, which fought the enemy and was safe and received its share of the booty, is less than the reward of another detachment that was injured and took no booty. This interpretation is favored by An-Nawawi (may Allah have mercy upon him). Second: The Hadīth is a proof that the war booty is lawful and does not reduce the reward. Simply, part of the reward is received in this world instead of the Hereafter, and both teams shall receive equal rewards. The victorious one, however, receives two thirds of its reward in advance in this world, but their overall reward is equal. In the Hereafter, Allah compensates those who missed the booty with an amount equal to what they missed, and Allah multiplies the reward for whomever He likes. This is the interpretation of Ibn ‘Abd al-Barr (may Allah have mercy upon him).

Abu Umāmah (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: "If anyone does not fight in the cause of Allah, equip a warrior in the cause of Allah, or stay behind to look after a warrior's family, Allah shall afflict him with a calamity before the Day of Judgment."

Narrated by Abu Daoud

This Hadīth urges Muslims to fight in the cause of Allah. It also stresses Allah's severe punishment in this world before the Hereafter inflicted on the one who abandons fighting in the cause of Allah, or abandons aiding the warriors fighting in the cause of Allah with his wealth, or abandons helping the warriors' families by looking after them in their absence. Anyone abandons these actions will suffer severe calamities for not supporting the religion of Allah properly.

Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: The Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) sent us out on an expedition and said: "If you find so-and-so and so-and-so", referring to two men from Quraysh whom he named, "then burn them with fire." Then, when we were set to go out, the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: "I commanded you to burn so-and-so and so-and-so, but no one punishes with fire except Allah. So if you find them, kill them."

Narrated by Bukhari