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﴿ فَإِنۡ عُثِرَ عَلَىٰٓ أَنَّهُمَا ٱسۡتَحَقَّآ إِثۡمٗا فَـَٔاخَرَانِ يَقُومَانِ مَقَامَهُمَا مِنَ ٱلَّذِينَ ٱسۡتَحَقَّ عَلَيۡهِمُ ٱلۡأَوۡلَيَٰنِ فَيُقۡسِمَانِ بِٱللَّهِ لَشَهَٰدَتُنَآ أَحَقُّ مِن شَهَٰدَتِهِمَا وَمَا ٱعۡتَدَيۡنَآ إِنَّآ إِذٗا لَّمِنَ ٱلظَّٰلِمِينَ ﴾

سورة المائدة

But if it is found that those two were guilty of sin [i.e., perjury], let two others stand in their place [who are] foremost [in claim] from those who have a lawful right. And let them swear by Allāh, "Our testimony is truer than their testimony, and we have not transgressed. Indeed, we would then be of the wrongdoers."

﴿ كِتَٰبٞ فُصِّلَتۡ ءَايَٰتُهُۥ قُرۡءَانًا عَرَبِيّٗا لِّقَوۡمٖ يَعۡلَمُونَ ﴾

سورة فصلت

a Book whose verses are well explained; an Arabic Qur’an[2] for people who understand,

﴿ فَلَمَّا جَآءَتۡ قِيلَ أَهَٰكَذَا عَرۡشُكِۖ قَالَتۡ كَأَنَّهُۥ هُوَۚ وَأُوتِينَا ٱلۡعِلۡمَ مِن قَبۡلِهَا وَكُنَّا مُسۡلِمِينَ ﴾

سورة النمل

42. So when she came, it was said (to her): "Is your throne like this?" She said: "(It is) as though it were the very same." And [Sulaimân (Solomon) said]: "Knowledge was bestowed on us before her, and we were submitted to Allâh (in Islâm as Muslims before her)."

﴿ مَّن ذَا ٱلَّذِي يُقۡرِضُ ٱللَّهَ قَرۡضًا حَسَنٗا فَيُضَٰعِفَهُۥ لَهُۥ وَلَهُۥٓ أَجۡرٞ كَرِيمٞ ﴾

سورة الحديد

11. Who is he that will lend Allâh a goodly loan: then (Allâh) will increase it manifold to his credit (in repaying), and he will have (besides) a good reward (i.e. Paradise).

﴿ قُلۡ يَٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلۡكَٰفِرُونَ ﴾

سورة الكافرون

Say, “O disbelievers,

﴿ لِكُلِّ ٱمۡرِيٕٖ مِّنۡهُمۡ يَوۡمَئِذٖ شَأۡنٞ يُغۡنِيهِ ﴾

سورة عبس

For every man, that Day, will be a matter adequate for him.[1863]

﴿ إِنَّا خَلَقۡنَا ٱلۡإِنسَٰنَ مِن نُّطۡفَةٍ أَمۡشَاجٖ نَّبۡتَلِيهِ فَجَعَلۡنَٰهُ سَمِيعَۢا بَصِيرًا ﴾

سورة الإنسان

2. Verily, We have created man from Nutfah (drops) of mixed semen (sexual discharge of man and woman), in order to try him: so We made him hearer and seer.

﴿ فَقَالُوٓاْ أَنُؤۡمِنُ لِبَشَرَيۡنِ مِثۡلِنَا وَقَوۡمُهُمَا لَنَا عَٰبِدُونَ ﴾

سورة المؤمنون

They said, “Should we believe in two men like ourselves when their people are our slaves?”

﴿ لِلَّذِينَ ٱسۡتَجَابُواْ لِرَبِّهِمُ ٱلۡحُسۡنَىٰۚ وَٱلَّذِينَ لَمۡ يَسۡتَجِيبُواْ لَهُۥ لَوۡ أَنَّ لَهُم مَّا فِي ٱلۡأَرۡضِ جَمِيعٗا وَمِثۡلَهُۥ مَعَهُۥ لَٱفۡتَدَوۡاْ بِهِۦٓۚ أُوْلَٰٓئِكَ لَهُمۡ سُوٓءُ ٱلۡحِسَابِ وَمَأۡوَىٰهُمۡ جَهَنَّمُۖ وَبِئۡسَ ٱلۡمِهَادُ ﴾

سورة الرعد

For those who have responded to their Lord is the best [reward], but those who did not respond to Him - if they had all that is in the earth entirely and the like of it with it, they would [attempt to] ransom themselves thereby. Those will have the worst account, and their refuge is Hell, and wretched is the resting place.

﴿ فَأَقۡبَلَ بَعۡضُهُمۡ عَلَىٰ بَعۡضٖ يَتَسَآءَلُونَ ﴾

سورة الصافات

Then they will turn to one another asking[12].

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‘Uthmān ibn Abu al-‘Ās (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that he said: "O Messenger of Allah, make me the leader of my people!" He said: "You are their leader; be considerate to their weak ones, and choose a Muezzin who does not take wages for his Adhān.”

An-Nasaa’i - Narrated by Abu Daoud - Narrated by Ahmad

This Hadīth shows that it is permissible for the one who thinks that he is qualified for leading the prayers to request from the authorities to appoint him as an Imām. This is different from asking for political leadership, which is discouraged. The prayer leader, however, should be considerate to the people with weaknesses or disabilities. He should not prolong the prayer for them. It is preferred that the Muezzin do this job for Allah's sake, so that he does not charge a remuneration for it. If there is no volunteer to do this job, it is fine to hire someone and pay him from the public treasury.

Jābir ibn Samurah (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: The Muezzin of the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) used to delay the Iqāmah until he would see the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) coming out. On seeing him, he would pronounce the Iqāmah.

Narrated by Muslim

The Hadīth indicates that the Imām is the one who has the right to decide the timing of the Iqāmah, since the Muezzin used to delay it until the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) would come out.

Abu Sulaymān, Mālik ibn al-Huwayrith, (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: We came to the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) when we were young and of about the same age. We stayed with him for twenty nights. The Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) was merciful and compassionate; so, he realized our longing for our families. He asked us about our families whom we had left behind and we told him about them. Thereupon, he said: "Go back to your families and stay with them. Teach them (religion) and command them (to adhere to it), perform so-and-so prayer at so-and-so time, and when prayer becomes due, let one of you call the Adhān and let the oldest among you lead you in prayer." Another version by Al-Bukhāri has this addition: "Pray as you saw me pray.”

Narrated by Bukhari & Muslim

Mālik (may Allah be pleased with him) said: "We came to the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) when we were young and of about the same age.” That was in the Year of Delegations, 9 A.H. They were young men and they stayed with the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) for twenty nights. They came to him to learn the religion of Allah. Mālik said: "The Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) was merciful and compassionate. He realized our longing for our families. He asked us about our families whom we had left behind and we told him about them. Thereupon, he said: "Go back to your people and stay with them. Teach them (religion) and command them (to adhere to it), pray so-and-so prayer at so-and-so time, and when prayer becomes due, let one of you pronounce the Adhān and let the eldest among you lead you in prayer." Another version by Al-Bukhāri adds: “Pray as you saw me pray.” This indicates that the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) was famous for his mercy and compassion. He was the most merciful and the most compassionate among people towards people. When he perceived their longing for their families and asked them about their people whom they had left behind and they informed him about them, he ordered them to return home. "And let the eldest among you lead you in prayer" points out that older one should take precedence when it comes to leading prayer. And by the way, this does not contradict the Prophet’s statement: "Let the best reciter of the Book of Allah among the people lead them in prayer.” This is because these young men came to the Messenger (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) at the same time and apparently there was no significant difference between them in terms of the Qur’an’s recitation. Hence, he said: "And let the eldest among you lead you in prayer", because they were equal, or almost equal, in reciting the Qur’an. If they were the same in terms of reciting the Qur’an, knowledge of the Sunnah, and making the Hijrah, then the eldest among them should take precedence and lead the prayer. His statement "Pray as you saw me pray" confirms the fact that the Prophet (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) used to teach people their religion by words and deeds. For example, he taught the man who offered prayer hastily, saying: "When you get up to pray, perform ablution perfectly, stand facing the Qiblah, make Takbīr, recite some of what you memorize of the Qur’an, and then bow down." In the case of those young men, he chose to teach by deeds.

Abu Juhayfah (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: I saw Bilāl make the Adhān, turning his mouth from side to side, and both his fingers were in his ears. The Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) was in a red tent. (I think the narrator said that it was made of leather). Bilāl went in front of him with a stick and planted it in the flat ground. Then the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) prayed facing it, while dogs and donkeys passed in front of him, and he was wearing a red garment. It is as though I see the glitter of his shins." Another narration reads: "I saw Bilāl going out to Al-Abtah to make Adhān. When he reached: "Come to prayer! Come to success!" he turned his neck right and left and did not turn around."

Narrated by At-Termedhy - Narrated by Abu Daoud

The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) was staying at Al-Abtah in Makkah. Bilāl came out with the water remaining from the ablution of the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) and the people came to seek blessings from it. Then, Bilāl made the Adhān. Abu Juhayfah said: I was looking at Bilāl's mouth as he turned right and left upon saying "Come to success," so that the people would hear it. These two phrases are to urge people to come to prayer. Then, a short stick was stuck in the ground for the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) to act as a screen for him during his prayer. He then offered two Rak‘ahs for Zhuhr prayer and continued to offer two Rak‘ahs for all the four unit prayers until he returned to Madīnah. The prayers were shortened in that way because he was traveling.

‘Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: "The Muezzin is responsible for the Adhān, and the leader of the congregation is responsible for the Iqāmah."

Ibn Abi Shaybah - Al-Bayhaqi - ‘Abdur-Razzaaq

The noble Hadīth explains that the Muezzin is more entitled to determine the time of calling the Adhān, and that the Imām is more entitled to determine the time of calling the Iqāmah.

‘Abdullāh ibn ‘Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that Bilāl made a call to prayer before the break of dawn. The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) therefore commanded him to return and make a call: "Lo! The slave of Allah slept. Lo! The slave of Allah slept."

Narrated by Abu Daoud

This Hadīth clarifies that if the Muezzin mistimed calling the Adhān, he is to declare that he was mistaken. The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) ordered Bilāl, when he mistimed calling the Adhān, to call out to the people: "Lo! The slave of Allah slept."

Jubayr ibn Mut‘im (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Do not prevent anyone from circumambulating this House and from praying at any time of the day or night as they wish."

Narrated by Ibn Majah - Narrated by At-Termedhy - An-Nasaa’i - Narrated by Abu Daoud - Narrated by Ahmad - Ad-Daarimi

In this Hadīth, the custodians of the Sacred House during the Prophet's time, namely Banu ‘Abd Manāf, are addressed, saying: You may not prevent anyone from circumambulating the House or praying in it at any time of the day or night as they wish. The prayer, here, is the two Rak‘ahs of circumambulation. The instruction applies to all times, including the times during which prayer is forbidden.

Yasār, the freed slave of Ibn ‘Umar, reported: Ibn ‘Umar saw me praying after the break of dawn. He said: "O Yasār, the Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) came to us while we were offering this prayer. He said: ‘Those who are present should inform those who are absent: Do not offer any prayer after (the break of) dawn except two Rak‘ahs.'"

Narrated by At-Termedhy - Narrated by Abu Daoud - Narrated by Ahmad

‘Abdullāh ibn ‘Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) saw his freed slave, Yasār, pray a voluntary prayer after the break of dawn and before the Fajr prayer. He said to him: "O Yasār, the Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) came to us while we were offering this prayer," meaning: he saw them pray a voluntary prayer after the break of dawn and before the Fajr prayer. He then said to them: "Those who are present should inform those who are absent." He asked those who were present to inform those who were not there. He then said to them: "Do not offer any prayer after (the break of) dawn." This narration is supported by another related by Ahmad that reads: "No prayer is to be offered after the break of dawn except two Rak‘ahs." These Rak‘ahs are the voluntary ones that are prayed before the Fajr prayer. This corresponds with the way of the Messenger (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) as he had never prayed anything after the rise of dawn except for two short Rak‘ahs. Therefore, a Muslim is not permitted to pray voluntary prayers after the rise of dawn, which is according to the guidance of the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) which is the best guidance. Accordingly, praying after the break of dawn other than its respective supererogatory prayer is thereby impermissible, as this time has become prohibited to pray in.

‘Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: "There are three (people) whose actions are not recorded by the Pen: a sleeping person till he awakes, a boy till he reaches puberty, and a person with an unsound mind till he regains his sanity."

Narrated by Abu Daoud & At-Termedhy & Ahmad & Ibn Majah & An-Nasa'i in Major Sunan

The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) informed that accountability is binding on all the children of Adam except for these three: A child till he grows up and reaches puberty. An insane and crazy person till his mind is restored. A sleeping person till he wakes up. Accountability has been lifted from them, and their sinful actions are not recorded against them. However, goodness is recorded for a young boy, but not for the insane or sleeping person, because they are in the category of those who are not capable of valid worship due to the loss of consciousness.

‘Abdullāh ibn ‘Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: While the people were performing the Fajr prayer in Qubā' Mosque, someone came saying: "Tonight, (a portion of the) Qur'an was revealed to the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him), and he was ordered to face the Qiblah, so face it." Their faces were turned toward the Levant, so they turned towards the Ka‘bah.

Narrated by Bukhari & Muslim