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﴿ يَٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوٓاْ إِذَا لَقِيتُمُ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ زَحۡفٗا فَلَا تُوَلُّوهُمُ ٱلۡأَدۡبَارَ ﴾

سورة الأنفال

O you who have believed, when you meet those who disbelieve advancing [in battle], do not turn to them your backs [in flight].

﴿ أَلَمۡ تَرَ إِلَى ٱلَّذِينَ نُهُواْ عَنِ ٱلنَّجۡوَىٰ ثُمَّ يَعُودُونَ لِمَا نُهُواْ عَنۡهُ وَيَتَنَٰجَوۡنَ بِٱلۡإِثۡمِ وَٱلۡعُدۡوَٰنِ وَمَعۡصِيَتِ ٱلرَّسُولِۖ وَإِذَا جَآءُوكَ حَيَّوۡكَ بِمَا لَمۡ يُحَيِّكَ بِهِ ٱللَّهُ وَيَقُولُونَ فِيٓ أَنفُسِهِمۡ لَوۡلَا يُعَذِّبُنَا ٱللَّهُ بِمَا نَقُولُۚ حَسۡبُهُمۡ جَهَنَّمُ يَصۡلَوۡنَهَاۖ فَبِئۡسَ ٱلۡمَصِيرُ ﴾

سورة المجادلة

Have you not considered those who were forbidden from private conversation [i.e., ridicule and conspiracy] and then return to that which they were forbidden and converse among themselves about sin and aggression and disobedience to the Messenger? And when they come to you, they greet you with that [word] by which Allāh does not greet you[1643] and say among themselves, "Why does Allāh not punish us for what we say?" Sufficient for them is Hell, which they will [enter to] burn, and wretched is the destination.

﴿ وَحَنَانٗا مِّن لَّدُنَّا وَزَكَوٰةٗۖ وَكَانَ تَقِيّٗا ﴾

سورة مريم

as We made him compassionate and righteous, and he was fearing Allah,

﴿ فَلَمَّا وَضَعَتۡهَا قَالَتۡ رَبِّ إِنِّي وَضَعۡتُهَآ أُنثَىٰ وَٱللَّهُ أَعۡلَمُ بِمَا وَضَعَتۡ وَلَيۡسَ ٱلذَّكَرُ كَٱلۡأُنثَىٰۖ وَإِنِّي سَمَّيۡتُهَا مَرۡيَمَ وَإِنِّيٓ أُعِيذُهَا بِكَ وَذُرِّيَّتَهَا مِنَ ٱلشَّيۡطَٰنِ ٱلرَّجِيمِ ﴾

سورة آل عمران

But when she delivered her, she said, "My Lord, I have delivered a female." And Allāh was most knowing of what she delivered, and the male is not like the female. "And I have named her Mary, and I seek refuge for her in You and [for] her descendants from Satan, the expelled [from the mercy of Allāh]."

﴿ تِلۡكَ إِذٗا قِسۡمَةٞ ضِيزَىٰٓ ﴾

سورة النجم

That, then, is an unjust division.[1570]

﴿ فَأَمَّا مَنۡ أُوتِيَ كِتَٰبَهُۥ بِيَمِينِهِۦ ﴾

سورة الانشقاق

7. Then as for him who will be given his Record in his right hand,

﴿ وَإِذٗا لَّأٓتَيۡنَٰهُم مِّن لَّدُنَّآ أَجۡرًا عَظِيمٗا ﴾

سورة النساء

67. And indeed We should then have bestowed upon them a great reward from Ourselves.

﴿ إِذَا زُلۡزِلَتِ ٱلۡأَرۡضُ زِلۡزَالَهَا ﴾

سورة الزلزلة

When the earth is shaken with a mighty quake,

﴿ هُنَالِكَ ٱلۡوَلَٰيَةُ لِلَّهِ ٱلۡحَقِّۚ هُوَ خَيۡرٞ ثَوَابٗا وَخَيۡرٌ عُقۡبٗا ﴾

سورة الكهف

In that situation[25], the authority only rests with Allah, the True God. He is best in reward and best in outcome.

﴿ فَمَن تَابَ مِنۢ بَعۡدِ ظُلۡمِهِۦ وَأَصۡلَحَ فَإِنَّ ٱللَّهَ يَتُوبُ عَلَيۡهِۚ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ غَفُورٞ رَّحِيمٌ ﴾

سورة المائدة

But whoever repents after his wrongdoing and reforms, indeed, Allāh will turn to him in forgiveness. Indeed, Allāh is Forgiving and Merciful.

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‘Abdullah ibn ‘Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Whoever frees his share of a common slave and he has sufficient money to free him completely, should let its price be estimated by a just man and give his partners the price of their shares and manumit the slave; otherwise (i.e. if he has not sufficient money) he manumits the slave partially."

Narrated by Bukhari & Muslim

If a person has a share, albeit small, to the ownership of a slave, male or female, and he manumits part of it, the slave will be manumitted as much as this part. If the manumitter is well-to-do enough to afford to pay the share of his partner, he ought to manumit the slave wholly, assessing his partner's market value and giving it to him. If he is not that rich, however, he can manumit the slave partially, as much as his share in his ownership, with the rest remaining in bondage.

Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Whoever emancipates a share in a slave should completely emancipate him from his money, if he can afford it. Otherwise, a fair price should be set for the slave, who will be required to work and pay for his freedom without being overburdened."

Narrated by Bukhari & Muslim

If one of the joint owners of a slave decides to emancipate his share of that slave, he should pay to completely emancipate him, if he can afford that, by paying to his partners the value of their shares of that slave in order for him to be free. However, if he cannot do so, whether because he does not have money, or he has money but it is not enough, or this would harm him, then, in such case, the slave should be given two options to choose from: 1. to remain partly slave and partly free. 2. to work in order to pay for his freedom after a fair price is set for him. This procedure is known as Istis‘ā’.

Abu Mūsa al-Ash‘ari (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Three types of people will receive a double reward: a man from the People of the Book who believed in his Prophet and then believed in Muhammad, a slave who fulfilled his duties towards Allah and towards his masters, and a man who had a female slave and he taught her good manners, educated her well, then freed her and married her; he will receive a double reward."

Narrated by Bukhari

Three types of people will have their reward doubled on the Day of Judgment: 1. A man from the People of the Book; i.e. a Jew or a Christian, who believed in his Prophet, Mūsa or ‘Īsa (peace be upon them), before Prophet Muhammad (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) was sent and before his call reached him. Then when Prophet Muhammad was sent and his call to Islam reached him, he believed in him. Such a person will receive two rewards; one for his belief in his messenger who was sent to him first, and the second for his belief in Muhammad (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him). 2. A slave who worships Allah, the Almighty, and carries out the duties that his master assigns to him in the best manner will receive two rewards. 3. A man who had a female slave, and he raised her well and taught her the matters of her religion, the lawful and the unlawful thereof, then he freed her and married her. He will receive two rewards; one for teaching her and then freeing her, and the second for his kindness to her after freeing her by marrying her and thus sufficing her from need and helping her preserve her chastity.

Abu Safwān Suwayd ibn Qays (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: Makhramah al-‘Abdi and I brought some linen garments from Hajar. The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) came to us and bargained with us for some pants. There was a man present who would weigh merchandise (in scales) for a wage. The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said to him: "Weigh, and add some more."

Narrated by At-Termedhy - An-Nasaa’i - Narrated by Abu Daoud - Ad-Daarimi

Suwayd ibn Qays and Makhramah al-‘Abdi (may Allah be pleased with him) brought some garments from a town called Hajar to sell them in Madīnah. The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon them) went to buy lower garments from them. He bargained with them over the price (An-Nasā’i's narration says: "and he bought lower garments from us", without mentioning the bargaining). In the market, there was a man who had scales to weigh goods in return for a fee. As he was weighing the goods, the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said to him: "Weigh, and add some more." He ordered the man to add some more to the side of the scales that held the merchandise so that it would be heavier than the other. This does not mean that the difference in weight would be great and might harm the seller. There should be a slight difference so that the buyer can be certain (and clearly see) that he has taken his full right without any deficiency.

Anas ibn Mālik (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that Abu Talhah (may Allah be pleased with him) was the richest man among the Ansār in Madīnah, in terms of his ownership of date palms. And his most beloved property was (his date-palm garden known as) Bayrahā’. It was opposite the mosque, and the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) often entered it and drank from its fresh water. When this verse was revealed: {Never will you attain the good (reward) until you spend (in the way of Allah) from that which you love} [Sūrat Āl-‘Imrān: 92], Abu Talhah came to the Messenger of Allah and said: "O Messenger of Allah, Allah revealed to you {Never will you attain the good (reward) until you spend (in the way of Allah) from that which you love}, and my most beloved possession is Bayrahā’. I have given it in charity in the way of Allah, hoping to earn its reward from Him, so spend it, O Messenger of Allah, as Allah shows you." The Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Well-done! That is a profitable deal! That is a profitable deal! I heard what you said: and I suggest that you give it to your nearest relatives." So Abu Talhah said: "I shall do that, O Messenger of Allah", and he distributed it amongst his closest relatives and his paternal cousins.

Narrated by Bukhari & Muslim

Abu Talhah (may Allah be pleased with him) was the one who owned the most farms in Madīnah from amongst the Ansār, and he had a garden that was opposite to the mosque of the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) which had fresh water. The Prophet used to visit the garden and drink the water. When the following Qur’anic verse was revealed: {Never will you attain the good (reward) until you spend (in the way of Allah) from that which you love}, Abu Talhah hastened to see the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) and said: "O Messenger of Allah, Allah has reveled the verse {Never will you attain the good (reward) until you spend (in the way of Allah) from that which you love}, and my most beloved possession is Bayrahā’ - which was the name of that garden - so I have given it to you as charity in the way of Allah and his Messenger." The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said in amazement: "Well-done! Well done! That is a profitable deal! That is a profitable deal! I suggest that you give it to your nearest relatives." So Abu Talhah (may Allah be pleased with him) divided it among his relatives and paternal cousins.

Sahl ibn Sa‘d (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that a woman came to the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) with a woven mantle and said: "I have woven it with my hands for you to wear." So the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) took it as he was in need of it. He came out to us wearing it as his lower garment. Someone said: "How beautiful! Give it to me to wear!" He answered: "Yes." Then the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) sat there for some time. When he returned home, he folded it and sent it to the man. People said to him: "You have not done well by asking him for it when you know that he never turns down anybody's request and the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) wore it for he was in need of it." He said: "By Allah, I did not ask him for it in order to wear it; I only asked him for it so that it would be my shroud." Sahl said: "And it was his shroud."

Al-Bukhari with a similar wording

The Hadīth shows altruism of the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) and how he preferred that man to have the mantle although he himself was in need of it. The fact that he actually wore it indicates that he was in extreme need of it. A woman came and gave the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) a mantle as a gift. Then a man approached the Prophet and said: 'How beautiful it is!" and asked the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) to give it to him. So the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) took it off, folded it, and gave it to him. Some Hadīth commentators mentioned that one of the lessons learned from this Hadīth is that it is permissible to seek blessings from the traces of the righteous. However, that is not the case. Rather, it is seeking the blessings specifically from the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) and none else can be compared to him in terms of virtue and righteousness. Also, the Companions never did that with anyone except the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) neither during his lifetime nor after his death. Had there been any good in it, they would have preceded us in doing it.

‘Abdullāh ibn ‘Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) prohibited the selling and gifting of Walā' (the right of a master to inherit from his freed slave by virtue of the bond of loyalty between them).

Narrated by Bukhari & Muslim

Walā', or the bond of loyalty between a master and his freed slave, is similar to the bond of blood relationship between kin, in the sense that it cannot be obtained through selling or gifting. That is why it is not permissible to act freely concerning it via sale or otherwise. It is a kind of tie or bond between the emancipating party and the emancipated slave, by virtue of which the former is entitled to inherit from the latter. Therefore it is prohibited to sell this bond, because it is similar to blood relationship that cannot be removed by someone’s action. That is, if someone were to try to sell his blood relationship with his brother, son or paternal cousin, the sale would be invalid. Likewise, selling the loyalty bond between a master and his freed slave is invalid.

Sa‘d ibn Abi Waqqās (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: The Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) came to visit me for an illness which became so hard to bear in the year of the Farewell Hajj. I said: "O Messenger of Allah, you can see the severity of the illness which I am experiencing. I have property and none will inherit me except a daughter. Shall I give two thirds of my property in charity?" The Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: 'No.' I said: "Then shall I give one half, O Messenger of Allah?" He said: 'No.' Then I said: "So, (shall I give) one third?" The Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: "(Give) one third, and one third is too much. Indeed, leaving your heirs rich is better than leaving them poor and begging from people. You never spend anything seeking thereby the pleasure of Allah but that you are rewarded for it, even what you place in the mouth of your wife." I said: "O Messenger of Allah, will I be left here in Makkah after my companions have departed for Madīnah?" He said: "If you are left behind and do good deeds whereby you seek Allah's pleasure, you will be raised a degree and your status will be elevated on account of them. Perhaps you will be left behind so that some people may benefit by you and others may be harmed by you. O Allah, complete for my Companions their Hijrah (immigration to Madīnah), and do not turn them back on their heels. The unfortunate one, however, is Sa‘d ibn Khawlah." The Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) felt sorry for him, as he had died at Makkah.

Narrated by Bukhari & Muslim

Sa‘d ibn Abi Waqqās (may Allah be pleased with him) was severely ill during the Farewell Hajj, to the point that he feared death. The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) visited him, as was his habit in looking after his Companions and caring for them. Sa‘d mentioned to the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) what he thought would be good reasons for him to give most of his wealth in charity. He said: "O Messenger of Allah, I am very sick and fear death, I have much wealth, and I do not have vulnerable relatives that will inherit from me except my daughter. So can I give two thirds of my wealth in charity, after my daughter takes her share, so that I can put forward good actions for (my afterlife)?" The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: 'No.' So, Sa‘d said: "Then shall I give one half, O Messenger of Allah?" He said: 'No.' So Sa‘d said again: "Shall I give one third?" Thereupon, the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) told Sa‘d that there is nothing wrong with giving one third in charity, even though that is plenty. So giving less than that is better, such as a quarter or a fifth. Then the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) explained to Sa‘d the wisdom behind reducing the amount of money given in charity by mentioning two points: 1. That he leaves his heirs wealthy and benefiting from his benevolence and wealth is better than him leaving them depending on the kindness of other people as a result of him giving his property to others than them. 2. Or that he stays alive and has his wealth, so he spends it in all the lawful ways, hoping for reward from Allah and being rewarded by Allah, even if he spends it in things that are obligatory on him, such as feeding his wife. Then, Sa‘d ibn Abi Waqqās (may Allah be pleased with him) feared that he might die in Makkah, from where he made his migration and had left for the sake of Allah, the Almighty, which might diminish his reward. So the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings upon him) informed him that he would not be forcibly left behind in a place that he migrated from, and that he should do good deeds seeking thereby the reward from Allah, and that Allah will raise him in rank. Then, he gave him the glad tidings that he would be cured from his illness and that Allah would benefit the believers through him and harm the disbelievers through him. It was exactly as he, the truthful and honest one, said: as Sa‘d was cured from his illness and became a chief in the war against the Persians. Allah benefited Islam and the Muslims through him, and he conquered many places, and He caused harm to polytheism and the polytheists through him. Then the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) supplicated Allah for all his Companions that He would fulfill for them their rank, accept it from them, and not turn them away from their religion or the lands to which they migrated. Allah accepted that supplication from him, and to Him is all praise and favor. All praise is due to Allah, Who honored Islam through them. Then the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) mentioned Sa‘d ibn Khawlah. He was from the people who migrated from Makkah, but Allah willed that he die in Makkah, and so he did. Therefore, the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) felt pity for him that he died in Makkah, for they used to dislike for an immigrant to die in a place which they had migrated from.

Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Do not go out to meet the riders (in a trade caravan), do not urge buyers to cancel a sale transaction to make a new one with you, do not bid against each other (to fool another bidder), a townsman must not buy on behalf of a Bedouin, and do not tie up the udders of camels and sheep (so that they appear to have a lot of milk). However, if someone buys them while in this condition and has already milked them, then he has two options: If he is pleased with them, he may keep them, and if he is displeased with them, he may return them along with a Sā‘ of dates.”

Narrated by Muslim - Narrated by Bukhari & Muslim

The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) forbids five types of sale transactions, due to the harm involved in them that would befall the buyer or the seller or other parties. 1. He forbade people from going out to meet the trade caravans coming to sell their merchandise including foodstuff and animals, aiming thereby to meet them before they arrive at the local market and to buy from them taking advantage of their ignorance of the prices. They may, thus, be easily cheated and deprived of their full profit. 2. He also prohibited urging the buyer or seller to cancel the transaction that has already been made so as to take the deal for oneself. This occurs when someone tells the buyer, while still in the contracting session, when the option to cancel the transaction is still in effect, that he is ready to offer him something of better quality, or a better price. Or if someone is selling an item, he would tell him that he will buy it for a higher price. He does this only to cancel the current transaction and take it for himself. It is also prohibited to do this after there is no longer an opportunity to cancel the transaction by virtue of “Khiyār al-Majlis” (an option whereby the parties have right to withdraw from a contract so long as the parties do not leave the place of contract) and “Khiyār Ash-Shart” (an option to cancel a previous agreed upon sale within a specific number of days), due to the disputation, animosity and hatred that this provocation may lead to, and the damage it causes to people’s livelihood. 3. The Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) also prohibited Najsh, which is bidding on a commodity without the intention of buying it, but rather to aid the seller by increasing the bidding price, or to cause damage to the buyer by making the merchandise more expensive for him to buy. The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) forbade this action owing to the lying and deceiving of the buyers, and because of raising the commodity’s price by way of deception and fraud. 4. The Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) also prohibited a resident of a city to sell commodities on behalf of a Bedouin. This is because the townsman knows the prices better than the Bedouin, so the people of the city would not be able to benefit from the lower prices the Bedouin would offer them. The Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) said: “Leave people alone, Allah will give them provision through one another.” 5. The prohibition of selling cattle after tying up their udders so that the buyer thinks that the animal always has that much milk, and so he buys it for a higher price. The Shariah has given the buyer a three-day period in which he can retrieve his right. He may keep it if he so wishes, or return it to the seller after he has known that its udder was tied up. If he milked it while it was with him, and wishes to return it, then he can do so along with offering one Sā‘ of dates, in place of the milk he got from it.

‘Abdullāh ibn ‘Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) made an agreement with the people of Khaybar to work and cultivate in return for half of the fruits or crops produced.

Narrated by Bukhari & Muslim