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﴿ يَٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوٓاْ أَنفِقُواْ مِمَّا رَزَقۡنَٰكُم مِّن قَبۡلِ أَن يَأۡتِيَ يَوۡمٞ لَّا بَيۡعٞ فِيهِ وَلَا خُلَّةٞ وَلَا شَفَٰعَةٞۗ وَٱلۡكَٰفِرُونَ هُمُ ٱلظَّٰلِمُونَ ﴾

سورة البقرة

254. O you who believe! Spend of that with which We have provided for you, before a Day comes when there will be no bargaining, nor friendship, nor intercession. And it is the disbelievers who are the Zâlimûn (wrong-doers).

﴿ فَمَن يُرِدِ ٱللَّهُ أَن يَهۡدِيَهُۥ يَشۡرَحۡ صَدۡرَهُۥ لِلۡإِسۡلَٰمِۖ وَمَن يُرِدۡ أَن يُضِلَّهُۥ يَجۡعَلۡ صَدۡرَهُۥ ضَيِّقًا حَرَجٗا كَأَنَّمَا يَصَّعَّدُ فِي ٱلسَّمَآءِۚ كَذَٰلِكَ يَجۡعَلُ ٱللَّهُ ٱلرِّجۡسَ عَلَى ٱلَّذِينَ لَا يُؤۡمِنُونَ ﴾

سورة الأنعام

Whoever Allah wills to guide, He opens his heart to Islam; and whoever He wills to lead astray, He makes his heart tight and constricted[41], as if he were climbing up into the sky. This is how Allah punishes those who do not believe.

﴿ وَلَمَّا دَخَلُواْ مِنۡ حَيۡثُ أَمَرَهُمۡ أَبُوهُم مَّا كَانَ يُغۡنِي عَنۡهُم مِّنَ ٱللَّهِ مِن شَيۡءٍ إِلَّا حَاجَةٗ فِي نَفۡسِ يَعۡقُوبَ قَضَىٰهَاۚ وَإِنَّهُۥ لَذُو عِلۡمٖ لِّمَا عَلَّمۡنَٰهُ وَلَٰكِنَّ أَكۡثَرَ ٱلنَّاسِ لَا يَعۡلَمُونَ ﴾

سورة يوسف

When they entered as their father had instructed them, it could not avail them against [the decree of] Allah whatsoever, yet a need in Jacob’s heart was satisfied. He was indeed a man of knowledge because of what We had taught him, but most people do not know.

﴿ ۞ وَكَم مِّن مَّلَكٖ فِي ٱلسَّمَٰوَٰتِ لَا تُغۡنِي شَفَٰعَتُهُمۡ شَيۡـًٔا إِلَّا مِنۢ بَعۡدِ أَن يَأۡذَنَ ٱللَّهُ لِمَن يَشَآءُ وَيَرۡضَىٰٓ ﴾

سورة النجم

And how many angels there are in the heavens whose intercession will not avail at all except [only] after Allāh has permitted [it] to whom He wills and approves.

﴿ ثُمَّ يُعِيدُكُمۡ فِيهَا وَيُخۡرِجُكُمۡ إِخۡرَاجٗا ﴾

سورة نوح

then He will return you into it and then will bring you out again.

﴿ إِنَّآ أَنزَلۡنَٰهُ فِي لَيۡلَةٖ مُّبَٰرَكَةٍۚ إِنَّا كُنَّا مُنذِرِينَ ﴾

سورة الدخان

3. We sent it (this Qur’ân) down on a blessed night [(i.e. night of Al-Qadr, Sûrah No. 97) in the month of Ramadân - the 9th month of the Islâmic calendar]. Verily, We are ever warning [mankind that Our Torment will reach those who disbelieve in Our Oneness of Lordship and in Our Oneness of worship].

﴿ يَوۡمَ يُدَعُّونَ إِلَىٰ نَارِ جَهَنَّمَ دَعًّا ﴾

سورة الطور

13. The Day when they will be pushed down by force to the Fire of Hell, with a horrible, forceful pushing.

﴿ وَمِن ثَمَرَٰتِ ٱلنَّخِيلِ وَٱلۡأَعۡنَٰبِ تَتَّخِذُونَ مِنۡهُ سَكَرٗا وَرِزۡقًا حَسَنًاۚ إِنَّ فِي ذَٰلِكَ لَأٓيَةٗ لِّقَوۡمٖ يَعۡقِلُونَ ﴾

سورة النحل

And from the fruits of palm trees and grapevines, you make intoxicants[42] and good provision[43]. Indeed, there is a sign in this for people of understanding.

﴿ وَعَلَى ٱلَّذِينَ هَادُواْ حَرَّمۡنَا مَا قَصَصۡنَا عَلَيۡكَ مِن قَبۡلُۖ وَمَا ظَلَمۡنَٰهُمۡ وَلَٰكِن كَانُوٓاْ أَنفُسَهُمۡ يَظۡلِمُونَ ﴾

سورة النحل

And to those who are Jews We have prohibited that which We related to you before.[718] And We did not wrong them [thereby], but they were wronging themselves.

﴿ هَلۡ يَنظُرُونَ إِلَّا تَأۡوِيلَهُۥۚ يَوۡمَ يَأۡتِي تَأۡوِيلُهُۥ يَقُولُ ٱلَّذِينَ نَسُوهُ مِن قَبۡلُ قَدۡ جَآءَتۡ رُسُلُ رَبِّنَا بِٱلۡحَقِّ فَهَل لَّنَا مِن شُفَعَآءَ فَيَشۡفَعُواْ لَنَآ أَوۡ نُرَدُّ فَنَعۡمَلَ غَيۡرَ ٱلَّذِي كُنَّا نَعۡمَلُۚ قَدۡ خَسِرُوٓاْ أَنفُسَهُمۡ وَضَلَّ عَنۡهُم مَّا كَانُواْ يَفۡتَرُونَ ﴾

سورة الأعراف

53. Await they just for the final fullfilment of the event? On the Day the event is finally fulfilled (i.e. the Day of Resurrection), those who neglected it before will say: "Verily, the Messengers of our Lord did come with the truth, now are there any intercessors for us that they might intercede on our behalf? Or could we be sent back (to the first life of the world) so that we might do (good) deeds other than those (evil) deeds which we used to do?" Verily, they have lost their ownselves (i.e. destroyed themselves) and that which they used to fabricate (invoking and worshipping others besides Allâh) has gone away from them.

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Buraydah (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: "The sanctity of the wives of the Mujāhids for those who stay behind is like the sanctity of their own mothers. Any man, of those who stay behind, who looks after the family of a Mujāhid and betrays his trust will be made to stand on the Day of Judgment before the Mujāhid who will take away from his good deeds as much as he likes until he is satisfied." Then, the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) turned to us and asked: "So what do you think (will he leave anything)?”

Narrated by Muslim

The basic principle is that a woman is unlawful to her non-Mahram males, and the unlawfulness is emphasized regarding the wives of those who have set out to fight for the sake of Allah and left their wives behind, and entrusted them to the men who did not go out for Jihad. It is obligatory for those men to be cautious lest they should violate those wives' honor, by being alone with them, gazing at them, or speaking lewdly to them. These wives are as unlawful for them (to marry) as their mothers. This is because the Mujāhids have entrusted their families to the care of those men, and, therefore, the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) advised that it is the duty of each of those men to do his duty towards them and not betray the Mujāhid's trust by looking at his wife or attempting any indecent behavior or by being negligent in looking after their affairs, doing what is good for them, and warding harm off them. "Anyone who stays behind looking after the family of a Mujāhid and betrays his trust will be made to stand on the Day of Judgment before the Mujāhid who will take away from his good deeds as much as he likes until he is satisfied." This means: Whoever dares to violate the honor of the wives of Mujāhids in their absence, and betrays them with regards to their wives, then Allah will enable the Mujāhid over him on the Day of Judgment whereby the Mujāhid will take from his good deeds as much as he wants until he is satisfied and pleased. Then the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: "So what do you think (will he leave anything)?" i.e. How do you think the Mujāhid would take advantage of this chance of acquiring a large amount of good deeds? In other words, nothing will remain, as he will take all of that man's good deeds.

It was reported about ‘Abdullāh ibn Abi Awfa that he was asked (by Muhammad ibn Abi Mujāhid): "Were you people setting aside one-fifth of the spoils of war – meaning the food – during the time of the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him)?" He replied: "We got some food on the Day of Khaybar. A man would come and take the amount he needed from it then go away."

Narrated by Abu Daoud

According to this Hadīth, if a Muslim fighter needs to eat from the food seized as spoils of war, he may do so but without storing any of it. Rather, he eats as much as he needs and leaves the rest. Keeping food beyond his need in reserve is considered unlawful appropriation of the spoils of war, but eating his need of it is not appropriation. This forbiddance only applies to what he takes exclusively for himself apart from his fellow fighters. As to what he shares with them of food and fruit, there is no harm on him in taking his lawful share from it.

‘Amr ibn Shu‘ayb reported from his father that his grandfather said: "The Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) said: 'Muslims are like one hand against all those who are outside the community. Their blood and wealth are equal (in terms of inviolability). The protection granted by the lowest of them in status is to be honored by all Muslims, and Muslims return (the spoils of war) to the farthest of them.'"

Narrated by Ibn Majah

This Hadīth indicates that all Muslims must preserve unity of word and stance as a united front in the face of their enemies. They should never be disunited or let each other down, since they are one community with one stance against their enemies. Allah, the Almighty, says: {And hold firmly to the rope of Allah all together and do not become divided} [Sūrat Āl-‘Imrān:103]. Allah also says: {and do not dispute and [thus] lose courage and [then] your strength would depart} [Sūrat al-Anfāl: 46]. Moreover, this Hadīth states that bloods of Muslims and believers are equal in terms of blood money and retribution, and that none of them is superior to the other because of lineage, race, or school of thought. They are all equal regarding this right and duty. According to the Hadīth, protection granted by a Muslim to a disbeliever is binding on all Muslims, who must respect this pledge of protection and never breach it. Finally, the Hadīth states that in the distribution of the spoils of war, seized by a detachment with the support of the army, not only the actual captors (soldiers of a detachment) but also the joint captors (the whole army) are entitled to share. Likewise, when spoils of war end up in the Muslim treasury, they must be distributed to all Muslims whether they directly participated in seizing them or not.

Anas ibn Mālik and ‘Uthmān ibn Abu Sulaymān (may Allah be pleased with both of them) reported: The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) sent Khālid ibn al-Walīd to Ukaydir of Dūmah. He (Ukaydir) was seized and brought to the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) who spared his life and made a peace treaty with him on condition that they should pay Jizyah.

Narrated by Abu Daoud

During the battle of Tabūk, the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) sent Khālid ibn al-Walīd (may Allah be pleased with him) as a commander of a detachment to Ukaydir of Dūmat al-Jandal. Khālid (may Allah be pleased with him) took Ukaydir as a captive, conquered his fort, and brought him to the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) in Madīnah. The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) allowed him to return to his country, and imposed on him the Jizyah, despite the fact that he was an Arab. This Hadīth proves that the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) did not coerce Ukaydir into embracing Islam.

‘Abdullāh ibn ‘Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) arranged for a horse race among the horses that had been especially prepared for that purpose to take place between Al-Hafyā' and Thaniyyat al-Wadā‘, and for the horses which had not been prepared from Thaniyyat al-Wadā‘ to the mosque of Banu Zurayq. Ibn ‘Umar said: "I was one of those who took part in that horse race." Sufyān, a sub-narrator, said: "The distance between Al-Hafyā' and Thaniyyat al-Wadā‘ is five or six miles, and between Thaniyyat al-Wadā‘ and the mosque of Banu Zurayq, there is one mile."

Narrated by Bukhari & Muslim

The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) was ready for Jihad and thus observed what could help him undertake it. In this respect, he complied with Allah's saying: {And prepare against them whatever you are able of power and of stoods of war by which you may terrify the enemy of Allah and your enemy} [Al-Anfāl: 60]. So, he would keep horses under conditions that would make them strong. He would also train his Companions in horse racing in order for them to master the strategies of horse mounting. He also set the distance that trained and untrained horses should cover separately so that each category would receive proper training. In this regard, he made trained horses, which were strong enough because of their feeding system, race six miles. Untrained horses were made to run only one mile. ‘Abdullāh ibn ‘Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) was a young man then, and he participated in the horse race.

‘Abdullāh ibn ‘Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: The Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) divided the spoils, allotting two shares to the horse and one share to the man.

Narrated by Bukhari & Muslim

‘Abdullāh ibn ‘Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) tells that the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) divided the spoils, allotting two shares to the horse and one share to the soldier. That is because a horse ensures more benefit and enables one to launch severe attacks against the enemy better than a man fighting without a horse. This was alluded to in the Noble Qur'an, where Allah, Glorified and Exalted, says: {launching raids at dawn, stirring up thereby [clouds of] dust, and penetrating into the heart of enemy lines} [Al-‘Ādiyāt: 3-5]. The verses refer implicitly to horses and allude to their usefulness in war. Indeed, the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: "There will be good in the forelocks of horses until the Day of Judgment." [Al-Bukhāri and Muslim]

‘Abdullāh ibn ‘Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: The Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) used to grant some of those whom he sent in a detachment a special share of the war booty, beyond what he would grant members of the army in general.

Narrated by Bukhari & Muslim

‘Abdullāh ibn ‘Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) used to grant some of those whom he sent in a detachment a special share of the war booty, apart from other members of the army, as an encouragement and motivation for Jihad.

‘Umar ibn Al-Khattāb (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: The property of Banu An-Nadīr was among what Allah, the Almighty, bestowed upon His Messenger (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) as spoils for which the Muslims did not have to fight, neither on horses nor on camels. It belonged exclusively to the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him). So, he put aside his family’s expenses for one year from it and whatever left was spent on horses and weapons (for fighting) in the cause of Allah.

Narrated by Bukhari & Muslim

When the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) emigrated to Madīnah, he found groups of Jews around it. So, he made a treaty with them and called for a truce, so they would continue to follow their religion and not wage war against him or assist his enemies against him. A man from the Companions, ‘Amr ibn Umayyah Ad-Damri (may Allah be pleased with him), killed two men from Banu ‘Āmir, thinking that they were enemies of the Muslims. So, the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) assumed the burden of paying the blood money for the two men. He set off for the village of Banu An-Nadīr seeking their assistance to settle the blood money. While he was sitting in one of their markets waiting for their assistance, they broke their treaty and decided to kill him. Revelation of their betrayal came to him from the heavens, so he left the village, pretending that he needed to relieve himself, and set off towards Madīnah. When he was late in coming back, his Companions set out in his footsteps and he informed them of the betrayal of the Jews (may Allah disgrace them). He besieged them in their village for six days, until they reached an agreement that they would go to the Levant, Hīrah, and Khaybar. So, their property was an easy booty, gained without the Muslims facing any hardship, as they did not have to fight with horses or camels. Their property was for Allah and His Messenger. The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) put aside the expenses of his family for one year and spent the rest on the general welfare of the Muslims. That was the spendig priority at that time: the preparation of horses and weapons for fighting in the cause of Allah. Every period of time has its own priority of spending, considering the public interest.

Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: "One of the prophets (peace be upon them) set out on a military expedition. He said to his people: 'Let not anyone accompany me who has married a woman and wishes to consummate his marriage with her but has not yet done so, or one who has built a house but has not yet erected its roof, or one who has bought sheep or pregnant she-camels and is waiting for their offspring.' Then he marched on and approached a village at the time of the afternoon prayer or close to that, so he said to the sun: 'You are commanded and so am I. O Allah, hold it back (from setting) for us,' and it was held back until Allah granted him victory. He gathered the spoils of war, and the fire came down to devour them but it did not devour them. He said: 'Some of you misappropriated the spoils of war, so one man from each tribe should give me his pledge of allegiance.' They all did so and the hand of one man stuck to his hand, so he said: 'Your tribe is guilty of misappropriation of the spoils of war. Let all the members of your tribe give their pledge of allegiance to me.' They did so and the hands of two or three men stuck to his hand. He said: 'You have taken something from the spoils of war illegally.' So they brought an amount of gold equal in size to the head of a cow. They placed it among the spoils so the fire approached and devoured them. The spoils of war were not made lawful for any people before us, then Allah made the spoils of war lawful for us when He saw our weakness and helplessness, so He made them lawful for us."

Narrated by Bukhari & Muslim

The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) recounts the story of one of the prophets (peace be upon them) who set forth to fight a people against whom he was commanded to make Jihad. However, that prophet forbade from marching with him anyone who had married a woman but had not yet consummated his marriage with her or who had built a house but had not yet raised its roof or who had purchased sheep or pregnant she-camels and was waiting for them to give birth. That is because those people would be preoccupied with those concerns: the married man is preoccupied with his bride whom he has not yet consummated his marriage with and he longs for her. Likewise, the one who built a house and has not yet raised its roof is preoccupied with his house that he wishes to live in with his family. Also, the owner of pregnant she-camels and sheep is preoccupied with them and is waiting for them to give birth. Performing Jihad requires that the person be completely unoccupied, having no concern except fighting in the cause of Allah. Then, this prophet set out for battle, approaching his destination after midday with the night approaching. So, he feared that if darkness fell, he would not be able to achieve victory. He addressed the sun, saying: "You are subservient to Allah and so am I." But the sun's command is a universal command, while his command is a legislative one. He is commanded to fight in the cause of Allah, and the sun is commanded to move as Allah, the Exalted, has commanded it; Allah says: {And the sun runs on its fixed course for a term. That is the decree of the All-Mighty, the All-Knowing} [Sūrat Yāsīn: 38]. Ever since Allah created the sun, it has been moving as it was commanded, neither advancing nor delaying nor changing its altitude. The prophet said: "O Allah, hold it back (from setting) for us." So Allah held the sun back and it did not disappear at its normal time until that prophet conquered the village and gained many spoils of war. In previous nations, the spoils of war were not lawful for the army; rather, the lawfulness of spoils is one of the distinct characteristics of this (Muslim) nation, and all praise is due to Allah. As for the previous nations, they used to gather all the spoils, and if Allah accepted them, a fire would come down from the sky and devour them. Hence, the spoils were gathered, but the fire did not descend upon them or devour them. This prophet then said: "There is some misappropriation of the spoils." Then he commanded that each tribe present one person to pledge allegiance to him, proving that his tribe had not been dishonest with regard to the booty. When they gave him their pledge of allegiance, the hand of one of them stuck to the prophet's hand. Thereupon, he said: "Your tribe is the source of misappropriation." Then he commanded that each person from that tribe pledge allegiance individually, and the hands of two or three men stuck to his, whereupon he said: "You are the misappropriators." Then they brought it out, and they had hidden an amount of gold as big as the size of a bull's head. When the gold was brought and placed with the spoils, the fire devoured them.

Jābir ibn ‘Abdullāh (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: At the time of the battle of Uhud, my father called me at night and said: "I have a feeling that I will be the first to be killed from among the Prophet's Companions. I am going to leave none behind dearer to me than you except the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him). Indeed, there is a debt that I have to pay off, so pay it off on my behalf, and take good care of your sisters." In the morning, he was the first to be killed. I buried with him another man in the same grave. I did not feel good about leaving him buried with another. So, I got him out of his grave six months later, and found him the same as the day I put him therein, except for his ear. Then, I placed him in a grave where he was buried alone.

Narrated by Bukhari