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﴿ قَالُواْ يَٰشُعَيۡبُ أَصَلَوٰتُكَ تَأۡمُرُكَ أَن نَّتۡرُكَ مَا يَعۡبُدُ ءَابَآؤُنَآ أَوۡ أَن نَّفۡعَلَ فِيٓ أَمۡوَٰلِنَا مَا نَشَٰٓؤُاْۖ إِنَّكَ لَأَنتَ ٱلۡحَلِيمُ ٱلرَّشِيدُ ﴾

سورة هود

They said, “O Shu‘ayb, does your prayer command you that we should forsake what our forefathers worshiped, or that we should give up dealing with our wealth as we please? Indeed, you are such a forbearing and right-minded man![51]”

﴿ هَٰذَا نُزُلُهُمۡ يَوۡمَ ٱلدِّينِ ﴾

سورة الواقعة

56. That will be their entertainment on the Day of Recompense!

﴿ ثُمَّ ٱرۡجِعِ ٱلۡبَصَرَ كَرَّتَيۡنِ يَنقَلِبۡ إِلَيۡكَ ٱلۡبَصَرُ خَاسِئٗا وَهُوَ حَسِيرٞ ﴾

سورة الملك

4. Then look again and yet again: your sight will return to you in a state of humiliation and worn out.

﴿ قَالَ فَٱخۡرُجۡ مِنۡهَا فَإِنَّكَ رَجِيمٞ ﴾

سورة ص

[Allāh] said, "Then get out of it [i.e., Paradise], for indeed, you are expelled.

﴿ فَسَتُبۡصِرُ وَيُبۡصِرُونَ ﴾

سورة القلم

Soon you will see and they will see,

﴿ وَأَلۡقِ عَصَاكَۚ فَلَمَّا رَءَاهَا تَهۡتَزُّ كَأَنَّهَا جَآنّٞ وَلَّىٰ مُدۡبِرٗا وَلَمۡ يُعَقِّبۡۚ يَٰمُوسَىٰ لَا تَخَفۡ إِنِّي لَا يَخَافُ لَدَيَّ ٱلۡمُرۡسَلُونَ ﴾

سورة النمل

10. "And throw down your stick!" But when he saw it moving as if it were a snake, he turned in flight, and did not look back. (It was said:) "O Mûsâ (Moses)! Fear not: verily the Messengers fear not in front of Me.

﴿ وَهُوَ ٱلۡقَاهِرُ فَوۡقَ عِبَادِهِۦۚ وَهُوَ ٱلۡحَكِيمُ ٱلۡخَبِيرُ ﴾

سورة الأنعام

18. And He is the Irresistible, (Supreme) above His slaves, and He is the All-Wise, Well-Acquainted with all things.

﴿ ۞ قُلۡ كُونُواْ حِجَارَةً أَوۡ حَدِيدًا ﴾

سورة الإسراء

50. Say (O Muhammad صلى الله عليه و سلم) "Be you stones or iron,"

﴿ وَكَمۡ أَهۡلَكۡنَا مِنَ ٱلۡقُرُونِ مِنۢ بَعۡدِ نُوحٖۗ وَكَفَىٰ بِرَبِّكَ بِذُنُوبِ عِبَادِهِۦ خَبِيرَۢا بَصِيرٗا ﴾

سورة الإسراء

And how many have We destroyed from the generations after Noah. And sufficient is your Lord, concerning the sins of His servants, as Aware and Seeing.

﴿ هَلۡ يَنظُرُونَ إِلَّا ٱلسَّاعَةَ أَن تَأۡتِيَهُم بَغۡتَةٗ وَهُمۡ لَا يَشۡعُرُونَ ﴾

سورة الزخرف

Are they waiting except for the Hour to come upon them by surprise when they least expect it?

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Abu Salamah ibn ‘Abdur-Rahmān reported: I asked ‘Ā'ishah: "How much was the dowry paid by the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him)?" She said: "His dowry for his wives was twelve Uqiyyahs and one Nashsh. Do you know what is the Nashsh?" I said: 'No.' She said: "It is a half Uqiyyah, so this equals five hundred dirhams, and it was the dowry that the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) paid to his wives."

Narrated by Muslim

The main point of this Hadīth is that it is recommended to pay a simple dowry, for the best dowry is the least in amount, and the best women are those who cost less charges. This Hadīth also indicates that the Prophet's dowry to his wives was twelve Uqiyyahs and a half. The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) was the perfect example in terms of traditions and acts of worship. One Uqiyyah comprises forty dirhams. So the whole amount that he paid to his wives were 500 dirhams. This is contrary to what people do today, exaggerating about dowries. They also boast about what they pay to the woman and her guardians, whether or not the husband is rich, the thing that has lead to delaying marriages.

Ibn ‘Abbās (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that ‘Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) said: "I married Fātimah (may Allah be pleased with her) so I said: ‘O Messenger of Allah, let me consummate the marriage.’ He said: ‘Give her something.’ I said: ‘I have nothing.’ He said: ‘So where is your Hutami armor?’ I said: 'I have it.' He said: 'So give it to her.’"

An-Nasaa’i - Narrated by Abu Daoud - Narrated by Ahmad

This Hadīth shows that ‘Ali ibn Abi Tālib (may Allah be pleased with him) the Prophet's cousin, got married to the Prophet's daughter Fātimah (may Allah be pleased with her). The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) commanded him to give his wife a dowry so as to gladden her, and show his appreciation and desire for her. But ‘Ali could not find anything. So the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) asked him to give her his armor as dowry, despite its being insufficient.

‘Alqamah and Al-Aswad reported: ‘Abdullāh ibn Mas‘ūd was asked about a man who had married a woman without specifying a dowry for her and then died before consummating the marriage with her. ‘Abdullāh said: "Ask if they can find any report (from the Prophet) regarding that." They said: "O Abu ‘Abdur-Rahmān, we cannot find (any report about that)." He said: "Then I will state my personal opinion, and if it is correct then that is from Allah. She should have a dowry similar to that of her peers, neither less nor more; she is entitled to inheritance (from the deceased husband); and she has to observe the ‘Iddah." A man from Ashja‘ stood up and said: "The Messenger of Allah passed a similar judgment among us concerning a woman called Birwa‘ bint Wāshiq. She married a man who died before consummating the marriage with her, and the Messenger of Allah ruled that she should be given a dowry similar to that of her peers, that she should inherit, and that she had to observe the ‘Iddah." ‘Abdullāh raised his hands and said: "Allah is the Greatest!"

Narrated by Ibn Majah - Narrated by At-Termedhy - An-Nasaa’i - Narrated by Abu Daoud - Narrated by Ahmad

This Hadīth indicates that if a woman’s husband dies after marriage has been contracted but before the dowry has been received, then she deserves her dowry in full, even if marriage has not been consummated, and even if they had not been in seclusion with each other. If the husband had not specified a dowry, the woman's due dowry should be estimated at a value similar to that which is given to her peers from her relatives. The Hadīth also indicates that the woman has to observe the waiting period because the marriage had already been contracted. Therefore, if a woman’s husband dies, she must observe the waiting and mourning period even if seclusion or consummation has not occurred. Moreover, she has the right to inherit from her deceased husband because she is a wife who is legally tied to her husband.

‘Uqbah ibn ‘Āmir reported that the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: "The easiest marriage is the best marriage." The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said to a man: "Would you like me to marry you off to so-and-so?" He said: 'Yes.' He also asked the woman: "Would you like me to marry you off to so-and-so?" She said: 'Yes.' He then married them off without prescribing a dowry. The man consummated marriage with the wife without giving her anything. When he was about to die, he said: "The Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) married me off to so-and-so, and I did not give her anything; and (now) I grant her my share from (the booties of the battle of) Khaybar." So she took his share and sold it for one hundred thousand (dirhams).

Narrated by Abu Daoud

‘Uqbah ibn ‘Āmir (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) urged people to make marriage easy and affordable. The Prophet explained that marriage would be better with a low dowry. Hence, a low dowry is recommended, while an expensive dowry is inadvisable, despite being permissible. When the dowry is low and affordable, marriage will be easier and the marriage rates will increase, as the poor will be able to afford it. This will lead to having offspring, which is one of the most important objectives of marriage. ‘Uqbah (may Allah be pleased with him) mentioned that the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) offered a man to marry him off to a specific woman, and he offered the same to the woman. After both parties consented, he married them off. However, the husband had not specified any dowry to the wife and consummated the marriage without giving her anything. When his death became imminent, he granted her a piece of land that he was given from the booties of Khaybar. His wife took it and sold it for hundred thousand dirhams.

Anas ibn Mālik (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) stayed for three nights between Khaybar and Madīnah when he married Safiyyah. I invited the Muslims to his wedding dinner and there was neither meat nor bread served in that dinner. Instead, the Prophet ordered Bilāl to spread out the leather mats and place dates, dried yogurt and butter on them. The Muslims asked: "Will she (i.e. Safiyyah) be one of the Mothers of the Believers (i.e. a wife of the Prophet), or just what his right-hand possesses (i.e. a concubine)?" Some of them said: "If the Prophet veils her, she will be one of the Mothers of the Believers, but if he doesn't, she will be his concubine." So when he departed, he prepared a place for her behind him and extended a screen around her.

Al-Bukhari and Muslim. This is the wording of Al-Bukhari

The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) traveled and stayed at a place between Khaybar and Madīnah for three days and three nights with the Mother of the Believers, Safiyyah (may Allah be pleased with her), when he married her. He arranged a wedding dinner and told Anas (may Allah be pleased with him) to invite people to eat. There was no meat or bread served at the dinner, due to the Prophet’s poor financial situation. So, mats were spread out and dates, dried yogurt, and the like were served. The people ate and wondered if Safiyyah had been taken as a wife or a concubine by the Prophet. Then they said: If the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) screened Safiyyah, she would be one of the Mothers of the Believers, because veiling was obligatory upon them, but if he didn't, she would be a concubine. They were assured that she was a wife of the Prophet when he screened her and assigned a wide space for her behind him on his camel.

‘Urwah reported: ‘Ā'ishah (may Allah be pleased with her) said: "O my nephew, the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) did not give preference to one of us over the other in terms of his division of the time he spent with us. Every day, except rarely, he used to visit all of us. He would come near each of his wives without having sexual intercourse with her, until he would reach the one whose turn was on that day and he would, thus, stay with her overnight. When Sawdah bint Zam‘ah became old and feared that the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) might divorce her, she said: 'O Messenger of Allah, I give my day to ‘Ā’ishah.' The Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) accepted it from her. We believe that Allah, the Exalted, revealed about this incident or similar ones the verse: {If a wife fears cruelty or desertion on her husband's part...} [Sūrat An-Nisā':128]"

Narrated by Abu Daoud - Narrated by Ahmad

This Hadīth highlights the justice of the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) in dividing the nights among his wives. He did not favor anyone over the other. ‘Ā'ishah (may Allah be pleased with her) mentioned that the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) used to pass by his wives every night, and he would fondle his wives and spend some intimate time with them without having sexual intercourse. He did that to comfort them, and out of maintaining good companionship with them. He used to spend the night at the house of the one whose turn was up. When Sawdah bint Zam‘ah grew older, she became worried that the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) might leave her, but she wanted to stay as his wife and keep that honor, being a Mother of the Believers and one of the wives of the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him). Therefore, she decided to give up her day to ‘Ā'ishah, and the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) accepted that from her. Then, ‘Ā'ishah (may Allah be pleased with her) mentioned that the verse: {If a wife fears cruelty or desertion on her husband's part…} [Sūrat An-Nisā': 128] was revealed concerning this situation and others like it.

Bajālah reported: I was the clerk of Jaz’ ibn Mu‘āwiyah, Al-Ahnaf’s paternal uncle. We received a letter from ‘Umar ibn al-Khattāb one year before his death. He said: "Cancel every marriage between unmarriageable relatives from among the Magians (Zoroastrians)." ‘Umar did not use to take the Jizyah from the Magians till ‘Abdur-Rahmān ibn ‘Awf testified that the Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) had taken Jizyah from the Magians of Hajar.

Narrated by Bukhari

Bajālah explains that he was a scribe for Jaz’ ibn Mu‘āwiyah, who was appointed by ‘Umar ibn al-Khattāb (may Allah be pleased with him) as the governor of Al-Ahwāz. Jaz’ ibn Mu‘āwiyah was also a paternal uncle of Al-Ahnaf ibn Qays. Bajālah adds that a letter came from ‘Umar ibn al-Khattāb one year before his death ordering every marriage between unmarriageable relatives among the Magians to be cancelled. It means that male Magian subjects who live under Muslims’ rule must be prevented from marrying their unmarriageable female relatives like sisters, mothers, and daughters. That is because this contradicts Islam and they should never be allowed to do it, even if it was permissible in their religion. ‘Umar did not take the Jizyah from the Magians till ‘Abdur-Rahmān ibn ‘Awf testified that the Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) had taken Jizyah from the Magians of Hajar, a town in Bahrain.

Anas (may Allah be pleased with him) was reported to have said: "It is a Sunnah for a man who marries a virgin when he already has a wife (who is no longer a virgin) that he stay seven nights with the new wife and then divide his overnight stay between both. If he marries a previously-married woman when he already has a wife (either a virgin or not), the Sunnah is for him to stay with her (the new wife) three nights and then divide his overnight stay between both." Abu Qilābah said: "If I wanted to do so, I could say that Anas attributed (this Hadīth) to the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him)."

Narrated by Bukhari & Muslim

This Hadīth highlights an established act of the Sunnah regarding a man who marries a new wife when he already has one or more wives: If the new wife is a virgin, he should stay seven nights with her and then divide his time among his wives, including the new one. If the new wife is a non-virgin, the husband should stay three nights with her and then divide his time among all. The discrimination between the virgin and the non-virgin is because the virgin needs more time to feel less alienated and shy, unlike a previously-married woman, who needs this less than a virgin. Also, a man usually has a stronger desire for a virgin, that is why the Islamic law gives him the chance to satisfy his desire and enjoy the pleasure of marriage by staying with his virgin wife for this period of time.

‘Abdullāh ibn ‘Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that he divorced his wife while she was menstruating. So, ‘Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) informed the Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) about that, and he became furious at him and said: “Let him take her back and keep her until she becomes purified of menstruation, and then menstruates and then becomes purified of menstruation. Thereafter, if he decides to divorce her, he should divorce her while in a state of purity and before having intercourse with her. That is the ‘Iddah (post-divorce waiting period), as commanded by Allah, the Almighty. In another narration: “Until she enters the next menstrual period, other than the one during which he divorced her.” In yet another narration: “It was counted as one valid divorce, and ‘Abdullāh took her back at the command of the Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him).”

Narrated by Bukhari & Muslim

‘Abdullāh ibn ‘Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) divorced his wife while having her menses. Thereupon, his father told the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) about that, and he became extremely angry because he had divorced her in a manner that is unlawful and inconsistent with the Sunnah. Then, he commanded him to take her back and keep her until she would become purified after that menstrual period and would get another menses and then become purified of it. Afterwards, if he had no desire to keep her and decided to divorce her, he should do so before approaching her sexually. That is the period of abstention during which divorce can take place, as commanded by the Almighty Lord. Scholars differed over whether divorce of a menstruating woman is effective, even though it is unlawful and not in conformity with the Sunnah. The adopted view in this regard is the one based on the narration reported by Abu Dawūd and others: “He returned her to me and did not consider it to be anything.” This narration does not explicitly mention that the divorce was effective or was counted as such by the Prophet (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him). It is noteworthy here to cite the well-known Hadīth that reads: “If anyone does something contrary to our matter, it will be rejected.” [Al-Bukhāri and Muslim]

Fātimah bint Qays (may Allah be pleased with her) reported that Abu ‘Amr ibn Hafs divorced her irrevocably, while he was not present (and in another narration: “divorced her thrice”). He sent some barley to her with his representative and she was displeased with it. So he said: “By Allah, you are not entitled to receive anything from me.” She came to the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) and mentioned that to him. He said: “No financial maintenance is due to you upon him. (In another narration: 'or accommodation’)” Then the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) ordered her to observe her ‘Iddah (post-divorce waiting period) in the house of Umm Sharīk; then he said: “This is a woman whom my Companions frequently visit, so observe your ‘Iddah at the house of Ibn Umm Maktūm. He is a blind man and you can disrobe in his house. Then when you complete your ‘Iddah, inform me.” She said: “When I completed my ‘Iddah, I mentioned to him that both Mu‘āwiyah ibn Abu Sufyān and Abu Jahm proposed to me. Thereupon, the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: ‘As for Abu Jahm, he never takes his stick off his shoulder, and as for Mu‘āwiyah, he is destitute and penniless. Marry Usāmah ibn Zayd,’” whom she disliked. Then he said: “Marry Usāmah ibn Zayd.” Fātimah said: “So I married him and Allah placed a lot of good in him, and I was pleased with him.”

Narrated by Muslim