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﴿ وَمَن لَّا يُجِبۡ دَاعِيَ ٱللَّهِ فَلَيۡسَ بِمُعۡجِزٖ فِي ٱلۡأَرۡضِ وَلَيۡسَ لَهُۥ مِن دُونِهِۦٓ أَوۡلِيَآءُۚ أُوْلَٰٓئِكَ فِي ضَلَٰلٖ مُّبِينٍ

سورة الأحقاف
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32. And whosoever does not respond to Allâh’s Caller, he cannot escape on earth, and there will be no Auliyâ’ (lords, helpers, supporters, protectors) for him besides Allâh (from Allâh’s punishment). Those are in manifest error.

﴿ ٱتۡلُ مَآ أُوحِيَ إِلَيۡكَ مِنَ ٱلۡكِتَٰبِ وَأَقِمِ ٱلصَّلَوٰةَۖ إِنَّ ٱلصَّلَوٰةَ تَنۡهَىٰ عَنِ ٱلۡفَحۡشَآءِ وَٱلۡمُنكَرِۗ وَلَذِكۡرُ ٱللَّهِ أَكۡبَرُۗ وَٱللَّهُ يَعۡلَمُ مَا تَصۡنَعُونَ

سورة العنكبوت
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45. Recite (O Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم) what has been revealed to you of the Book (the Qur’ân), and perform As-Salât (Iqamât-as-Salât). Verily, As-Salât (the prayer) prevents from Al-Fahshâ’ (i.e. great sins of every kind, unlawful sexual intercourse) and Al-Munkar (i.e. disbelief, polytheism, and every kind of evil wicked deed)[8] and the remembering[9] (praising) of (you by) Allâh (in front of the angels) is greater indeed [than your remembering (praising) of Allâh in prayers. And Allâh knows what you do.

﴿ أُوْلَٰٓئِكَ أَصۡحَٰبُ ٱلۡمَيۡمَنَةِ

سورة البلد
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Those are the companions of the right.[1927]

﴿ فَمَن شَآءَ ذَكَرَهُۥ

سورة المدثر
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So whoever wills may take heed.

﴿ وَأَوۡرَثۡنَا ٱلۡقَوۡمَ ٱلَّذِينَ كَانُواْ يُسۡتَضۡعَفُونَ مَشَٰرِقَ ٱلۡأَرۡضِ وَمَغَٰرِبَهَا ٱلَّتِي بَٰرَكۡنَا فِيهَاۖ وَتَمَّتۡ كَلِمَتُ رَبِّكَ ٱلۡحُسۡنَىٰ عَلَىٰ بَنِيٓ إِسۡرَٰٓءِيلَ بِمَا صَبَرُواْۖ وَدَمَّرۡنَا مَا كَانَ يَصۡنَعُ فِرۡعَوۡنُ وَقَوۡمُهُۥ وَمَا كَانُواْ يَعۡرِشُونَ

سورة الأعراف
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137. And We made the people who were considered weak to inherit the eastern parts of the land and the western parts thereof which We have blessed. And the fair Word of your Lord was fulfilled for the Children of Israel, because of their endurance. And We destroyed completely all the great works and buildings which Fir‘aun (Pharaoh) and his people erected.

﴿ وَتَحۡسَبُهُمۡ أَيۡقَاظٗا وَهُمۡ رُقُودٞۚ وَنُقَلِّبُهُمۡ ذَاتَ ٱلۡيَمِينِ وَذَاتَ ٱلشِّمَالِۖ وَكَلۡبُهُم بَٰسِطٞ ذِرَاعَيۡهِ بِٱلۡوَصِيدِۚ لَوِ ٱطَّلَعۡتَ عَلَيۡهِمۡ لَوَلَّيۡتَ مِنۡهُمۡ فِرَارٗا وَلَمُلِئۡتَ مِنۡهُمۡ رُعۡبٗا

سورة الكهف
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You would have thought they were awake, although they were asleep. We turned them over on their right and left sides, when their dog stretched its forelegs at the entrance. If you had seen them, you would have fled away from them, filled with horror[12].

﴿ أَوَلَمۡ يَسِيرُواْ فِي ٱلۡأَرۡضِ فَيَنظُرُواْ كَيۡفَ كَانَ عَٰقِبَةُ ٱلَّذِينَ مِن قَبۡلِهِمۡۚ كَانُوٓاْ أَشَدَّ مِنۡهُمۡ قُوَّةٗ وَأَثَارُواْ ٱلۡأَرۡضَ وَعَمَرُوهَآ أَكۡثَرَ مِمَّا عَمَرُوهَا وَجَآءَتۡهُمۡ رُسُلُهُم بِٱلۡبَيِّنَٰتِۖ فَمَا كَانَ ٱللَّهُ لِيَظۡلِمَهُمۡ وَلَٰكِن كَانُوٓاْ أَنفُسَهُمۡ يَظۡلِمُونَ

سورة الروم
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Have they not traveled through the earth and observed how was the end of those before them? They were greater than them in power, and they plowed [or excavated] the earth and built it up more than they [i.e., the Makkans] have built it up, and their messengers came to them with clear evidences. And Allāh would not ever have wronged them, but they were wronging themselves.

﴿ فَقُلۡنَا ٱذۡهَبَآ إِلَى ٱلۡقَوۡمِ ٱلَّذِينَ كَذَّبُواْ بِـَٔايَٰتِنَا فَدَمَّرۡنَٰهُمۡ تَدۡمِيرٗا

سورة الفرقان
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And We said, "Go both of you to the people who have denied Our signs." Then We destroyed them with [complete] destruction.

﴿ فَمَا ٱسۡتَطَٰعُواْ مِن قِيَامٖ وَمَا كَانُواْ مُنتَصِرِينَ

سورة الذاريات
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45. Then they were unable to rise up, nor could they help themselves.

﴿ وَٱلَّذِينَ ءَاتَيۡنَٰهُمُ ٱلۡكِتَٰبَ يَفۡرَحُونَ بِمَآ أُنزِلَ إِلَيۡكَۖ وَمِنَ ٱلۡأَحۡزَابِ مَن يُنكِرُ بَعۡضَهُۥۚ قُلۡ إِنَّمَآ أُمِرۡتُ أَنۡ أَعۡبُدَ ٱللَّهَ وَلَآ أُشۡرِكَ بِهِۦٓۚ إِلَيۡهِ أَدۡعُواْ وَإِلَيۡهِ مَـَٔابِ

سورة الرعد
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And [the believers among] those to whom We have given the [previous] Scripture rejoice at what has been revealed to you, [O Muḥammad], but among the [opposing] factions are those who deny part of it [i.e., the Qur’ān]. Say, "I have only been commanded to worship Allāh and not associate [anything] with Him. To Him I invite, and to Him is my return."

Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Is he who raises his head before the Imam not afraid that Allah may transform his head into that of a donkey or his shape into that of a donkey?"

Narrated by Bukhari & Muslim
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The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) clarifies the serious threat to the one who raises his head in prayer before his Imam, as Allah may transform his head into that of a donkey or transform his shape into that of a donkey.

Ibn ‘Umar (may Allah be pleased with him and his father) reported: The Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) used to raise his hands in line with his shoulders when commencing the prayer, when saying Takbīr (proclaiming Allah's greatness) for Rukū‘ (bowing), and when raising his head from Rukū‘ he would raise them as well and say: "Sami‘allāhu liman hamidah, rabbana wa laka al-hamd" (Allah hears whoever praises Him, O our Lord, praise be to You). He did not use to do this in Sujūd (prostration).

Narrated by Bukhari & Muslim
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The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) used to raise his hands to be parallel with or in alignment with the shoulder, which is the part where the shoulder and upper arm bones are connected, in three positions during the prayer. First position: When commencing the prayer and making Takbīrat al-Ihrām (Opening Takbīr). Second: When making Takbīr for Rukū‘. Third: When raising his head from Rukū‘ and saying: Sami‘allāhu liman hamidah, rabbana wa laka al-hamd" (Allah hears whoever praises Him, O our Lord, praise be to You). He would not raise his hands upon making Sujūd or rising therefrom.

Ibn Mas‘ūd (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: The Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) taught me the Tashahhud, with my hand between his two hands, as he would teach me a Surah from the Qur’an: "At-tahiyyātu lillāhi was-salawātu wat-tayyibātu as-Salāmu ‘alayka ayyuha an-nabiyyu wa rahmatullāhi wa barakātuh, as-salāmu ‘alayna wa ‘ala ‘ibādillāhi as-sālihīn, ash-hadu alla ilāha illallāh wa ash-hadu anna Muhammadan ‘abduhu wa rasūluh (Greetings, prayers, and good things are due to Allah. May the peace, mercy, and blessings of Allah be upon you, O Prophet. Peace be upon us and upon the righteous slaves of Allah. I bear witness that there is no god but Allah, and I bear witness that Muhammad is His slave and Messenger)." Another wording reads: "Verily, Allah is the Giver of Peace, so when any of you sits in prayer, let him say: 'At-tahiyyātu lillāhi was-salawātu wat-tayyibātu as-salāmu ‘alayka ayyuha an-nabiyyu wa rahmatullāhi wa barakātuh, as-salāmu ‘alayna wa ‘ala ‘ibādillāhi as-sālihīn (Greetings, prayers, and good things are due to Allah. May the peace, mercy, and blessings of Allah be upon you, O Prophet. Peace be upon us and upon the righteous slaves of Allah).' If you say this, it will benefit every righteous slave of Allah in heaven and on earth. (Then, say:) 'Ash-hadu alla ilāha illallāh wa ash-hadu anna Muhammadan ‘abduhu wa rasūluh (I bear witness that there is no god but Allah, and I bear witness that Muhammad is His slave and Messenger).' Then, let him choose whatever supplication he would like."

Narrated by Bukhari & Muslim
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The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) taught Ibn Mas‘ūd (may Allah be pleased with him) the Tashahhud, which is to be recited in prayer, while holding his hand between both his hands to attract his attention to him, just as he would teach him a Surah from the Qur’an. This signifies how important the Prophet regarded this Tashahhud, its words and meanings. The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: "At-tahiyyātu lillāh": It means that every word or deed denoting glorification is due to Allah Almighty. "As-salawāt": It means that the known prayers, both the obligatory and the voluntary, are due to Allah Almighty. "At-tayyibāt": It means that the good words, deeds, and attributes that denote perfection are all due to Allah Almighty. "As-salāmu ‘alayka ayyuha an-nabiyyu wa rahmatullāhi wa barakātuh": A supplication for him to be granted safety from every evil and harm and to be granted more of all good things. "As-salāmu ‘alayna wa ‘ala ‘ibādillāhi as-sālihīn": It is a supplication for the one praying and for every righteous slave in heaven and on earth to be granted safety. "Ash-hadu alla ilāha illallāh": It means I firmly acknowledge that there is no true god but Allah. "Wa anna Muhammadan ‘abduhu wa rasūluh": I affirm that he is a slave of Allah and His last Messenger. Then, the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessing be upon him) urged the one praying to choose whatever supplication he would like.

Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: The Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) used to say the following supplication: "Allāuhumma inni a‘ūdhu bika min ‘adhāb al-qabr, wa min ‘adhāb an-nār, wa min fitnat al-mahya wa al-mamāt, wa min fitnat al-masīh ad-dajjāl (O Allah, I seek refuge with You from the punishment of the grave, the punishment of the Fire, the trials of life and death, and the trial of the Dajjāl (Antichrist)." A wording of Muslim reads: "When any of you completes the last Tashahhud, let him seek refuge with Allah from four things: the punishment of Hellfire, the punishment of the grave, the trials of life and death, and the evil of the Antichrist."

Narrated by Bukhari & Muslim
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The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) used to seek refuge with Allah from four things after reciting the last Tashahhud and before ending the prayer, and he commanded us to do the same. First: from the punishment of the grave. Second: from the punishment of Hellfire on the Day of Judgment. Third: from the trials of life, including its forbidden desires and its misleading doubts, and from the trials of death, i.e., the time of dying, including deviation from Islam or from the Sunnah, or the trial of the grave like the questioning of the two angels. Fourth: from the trial of the Antichrist who will come at the end of time as an affliction from Allah to test His slaves. The Antichrist was mentioned in particular because of the gravity of his trial and misguidance.

Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: When the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) made Takbīr in the prayer, he would remain silent a while before reciting. I said: O Messenger of Allah, may my father and mother ransom you! Have you seen your silence between Takbīr and the recitation? What is it that you say? He said: "I say: Allāhumma bā‘id bayni wa bayna khatāyāy kama bā‘dta bayna al-mashriqi wa al-maghrib. Allāhumma naqqini min khatāyāy kama yunaqqa ath-thawbu al-abyadu min ad-danas. Allāhumma ighsilni min khatāyāy bith-thalji wa al-mā’i wa al-barad (O Allah, distance me from my sins as You have distanced the east from the west. O Allah, purify me from my sins as a white garment is purified from dirt. O Allah, wash out my sins with water, snow, and hail)."

Narrated by Bukhari & Muslim
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On making Takbīr to commence the prayer, the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) would take a brief pause before reciting Surat al-Fātihah. During this pause, he would start his prayer by reciting some supplications. Among the supplications reported in this regard is his saying: "Allāhumma bā‘id bayni wa bayna khatāyāy kama bā‘dta bayna al-mashriqi wa al-maghrib*. Allāhumma naqqini min khatāyāy kama yunaqqa ath-thawbu al-abyadu min ad-danas. Allāhumma ighsilni min khatāyāy bith-thalji wa al-mā’i wa al-barad (O Allah, distance me from my sins as You have distanced the east from the west. O Allah, purify me from my sins as a white garment is purified from dirt. O Allah, wash out my sins with water, snow, and hail)." He supplicates Allah Almighty to keep him far from sins, by helping him not to commit them, in such a way that makes it impossible for them to meet, just as the East and the West can never meet; and to purify him and remove such sins if he commits them, as filth is removed from the white garment; and to wash him from his sins and cool off its flames and heat with such cold purifiers: water, snow, and hail.

Anas ibn Mālik (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Be moderate in prostration, and let none of you spread his forearms on the ground like a dog."

Narrated by Bukhari & Muslim
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The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) ordered that moderation should be observed in prostration, in such a way that the one praying adopts a good posture in prostration, with his hands on the ground and his forearms lifted and kept away from his sides. This is because such a posture indicates the energy and eagerness required in prayer, and also because this good posture allows all the prostrating organs to have their share in worship. He forbade spreading the forearms in prostration because it is evidence of laziness and boredom, and it also constitutes imitating the dog, which is an improper imitation.

Maslamah Sa‘īd ibn Yazīd reported: I asked Anas ibn Mālik: "Did the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) use to pray with his shoes on?" He said: ‘Yes!'

Narrated by Bukhari
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Opposing the People of the Book as well as eliminating difficulty and hardship are from the objectives of Shariah. Sa‘īd ibn Yazīd (a trustworthy Tābi‘i) asked Anas ibn Mālik if the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) used to pray with his shoes on, so that he would follow his example. It is also possible that he thought this to be unlikely because of the filth and dirt that shoes normally have. Anas replied in the affirmative, i.e. the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) used to pray while wearing his shoes and this practice is from his authentic Sunnah. It is not specific to a certain place or certain time.

Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: The Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: "When a dog drinks from the vessel of any of you, let him wash it seven times."

Narrated by Bukhari & Muslim
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The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) ordered that a vessel be washed seven times if a dog puts its tongue into it. The first of these times should be accompanied by dirt, followed by water, so that it is completely clean from its impurity and harm.

Anas (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) used to say before entering the bathroom: "Allāhumma inni a‘ūdhu bika min al-khubuth wa al-khabā’ith (O Allah, I seek refuge in You from the male and female devils)."

Narrated by Bukhari & Muslim
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Whenever the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) wanted to enter the place where he would relieve himself, either urinating or defecating, he would seek refuge with Allah and resort to Him to protect him from the evil of the male and female devils. The "Khubuth" and "Khabā’ith" were also said to mean evil and impurities.

Sahl ibn Hunayf (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Whoever sincerely asks Allah for martyrdom, Allah will make him reach the status of martyrs even if he dies on his bed."

Narrated by Muslim
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The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) informs that whoever seeks martyrdom and death in the cause of Allah and is sincere and faithful in his intention to Allah Almighty, Allah will give him the ranks of martyrs by his sincere intention, even if he dies in bed, not in Jihad.

If someone intends to do a good deed but was prevented by a valid excuse, he shall gain the reward of his intention.

Riyadh Al-Salheen with explanation and benefits

Variation of reward for good deeds is based on sincerity and following of the Prophet’s guidance. The more a person is sincere to Allah, and the keener he is on following the Prophet (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him), the more perfect his worship will be, and consequently his reward will be bigger.

Riyadh Al-Salheen with explanation and benefits

People differ with regards to their acts of worship according to their intentions. The intentions of some people have reached the ultimate level of sincerity (to Allah) and keenness in following the Sunnah (of the Messenger of Allah) with regard to doing good and righteous deeds, while the intentions of others are below that.

Riyadh Al-Salheen with explanation and benefits

Anyone partaking a role with transgressors and wrongdoers will share their punishment because it is inclusive.

Riyadh Al-Salheen with explanation and benefits

If someone intends to do a good deed but was prevented by a valid excuse, he shall gain the reward of his intention.

Riyadh Al-Salheen with explanation and benefits

Actions are recompensed according to the intentions behind them, and the individual shall receive the reward of what he intended even if the outcome was contrary to his intention.

Riyadh Al-Salheen with explanation and benefits

There is not a single good deed intended sincerely to please Allah except that its doer will be raised in rank and status thereby, so that he would reap the full reward.

Riyadh Al-Salheen with explanation and benefits

Love and contentment is measured by good deeds and intentions because they are the criteria for Allah’s acceptance of the servant; perhaps a small deed reaps great reward because of the intention behind it and perhaps a big deed reaps little reward because of the intention behind it

Riyadh Al-Salheen with explanation and benefits

One of the proofs Allah supports the servant is the latter’s sincere endeavor to rectify his intention and purify his heart by good deeds.

هدايات لشرح رياض الصالحين

The path of Allah is one whereas the paths of the devil are many; and a truly guided individual is he whom Allah Almighty guided to His path. Allah Almighty said: {This is My straight path; follow it and do not follow other ways, lest they lead you away from His way.} [Surat al-An‘ām: 153]

Riyadh Al-Salheen with explanation and benefits