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﴿ يُولِجُ ٱلَّيۡلَ فِي ٱلنَّهَارِ وَيُولِجُ ٱلنَّهَارَ فِي ٱلَّيۡلِ وَسَخَّرَ ٱلشَّمۡسَ وَٱلۡقَمَرَۖ كُلّٞ يَجۡرِي لِأَجَلٖ مُّسَمّٗىۚ ذَٰلِكُمُ ٱللَّهُ رَبُّكُمۡ لَهُ ٱلۡمُلۡكُۚ وَٱلَّذِينَ تَدۡعُونَ مِن دُونِهِۦ مَا يَمۡلِكُونَ مِن قِطۡمِيرٍ ﴾

سورة فاطر

13. He merges the night into the day (i.e. the decrease in the hours of the night is added to the hours of the day), and He merges the day into the night (i.e. the decrease in the hours of the day is added to the hours of the night). And He has subjected the sun and the moon: each runs its course for a term appointed. Such is Allâh, your Lord; His is the kingdom. And those, whom you invoke or call upon instead of Him, own not even a Qitmîr (the thin membrane over the date-stone).

﴿ بَلۡ قَالُواْ مِثۡلَ مَا قَالَ ٱلۡأَوَّلُونَ ﴾

سورة المؤمنون

Rather,[966] they say like what the former peoples said.

﴿ يَٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوٓاْ إِذَا قُمۡتُمۡ إِلَى ٱلصَّلَوٰةِ فَٱغۡسِلُواْ وُجُوهَكُمۡ وَأَيۡدِيَكُمۡ إِلَى ٱلۡمَرَافِقِ وَٱمۡسَحُواْ بِرُءُوسِكُمۡ وَأَرۡجُلَكُمۡ إِلَى ٱلۡكَعۡبَيۡنِۚ وَإِن كُنتُمۡ جُنُبٗا فَٱطَّهَّرُواْۚ وَإِن كُنتُم مَّرۡضَىٰٓ أَوۡ عَلَىٰ سَفَرٍ أَوۡ جَآءَ أَحَدٞ مِّنكُم مِّنَ ٱلۡغَآئِطِ أَوۡ لَٰمَسۡتُمُ ٱلنِّسَآءَ فَلَمۡ تَجِدُواْ مَآءٗ فَتَيَمَّمُواْ صَعِيدٗا طَيِّبٗا فَٱمۡسَحُواْ بِوُجُوهِكُمۡ وَأَيۡدِيكُم مِّنۡهُۚ مَا يُرِيدُ ٱللَّهُ لِيَجۡعَلَ عَلَيۡكُم مِّنۡ حَرَجٖ وَلَٰكِن يُرِيدُ لِيُطَهِّرَكُمۡ وَلِيُتِمَّ نِعۡمَتَهُۥ عَلَيۡكُمۡ لَعَلَّكُمۡ تَشۡكُرُونَ ﴾

سورة المائدة

O you who believe, when you rise up for prayer, wash your faces, and your hands up to the elbows; wipe over your heads; and wash your feet up to the ankles. If you are in a state of major impurity, cleanse yourselves [by taking a bath]. But if you are ill, on a journey, or have relieved yourselves, or had sexual contact[11] with women and find no water, then purify yourselves with clean earth[12], and wipe your faces and hands therewith. Allah does not want to impose hardship on you, rather He wants to purify you and complete His favor upon you, so that you may be grateful.

﴿ وَمَا كَانَ جَوَابَ قَوۡمِهِۦٓ إِلَّآ أَن قَالُوٓاْ أَخۡرِجُوهُم مِّن قَرۡيَتِكُمۡۖ إِنَّهُمۡ أُنَاسٞ يَتَطَهَّرُونَ ﴾

سورة الأعراف

But the answer of his people was only that they said, "Evict them from your city! Indeed, they are men who keep themselves pure."

﴿ فَأَعۡرَضُواْ فَأَرۡسَلۡنَا عَلَيۡهِمۡ سَيۡلَ ٱلۡعَرِمِ وَبَدَّلۡنَٰهُم بِجَنَّتَيۡهِمۡ جَنَّتَيۡنِ ذَوَاتَيۡ أُكُلٍ خَمۡطٖ وَأَثۡلٖ وَشَيۡءٖ مِّن سِدۡرٖ قَلِيلٖ ﴾

سورة سبأ

But they turned away, so We sent against them a devastating flood[11] and replaced their two gardens with two others of bitter fruit, and tamarisk bushes, and a few lote trees.

﴿ قُلۡ أَتَعۡبُدُونَ مِن دُونِ ٱللَّهِ مَا لَا يَمۡلِكُ لَكُمۡ ضَرّٗا وَلَا نَفۡعٗاۚ وَٱللَّهُ هُوَ ٱلسَّمِيعُ ٱلۡعَلِيمُ ﴾

سورة المائدة

76. Say (O Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم to mankind): "How do you worship besides Allâh something which has no power either to harm or benefit you? But it is Allâh Who is the All-Hearer, All-Knower."

﴿ وَعَلَى ٱلثَّلَٰثَةِ ٱلَّذِينَ خُلِّفُواْ حَتَّىٰٓ إِذَا ضَاقَتۡ عَلَيۡهِمُ ٱلۡأَرۡضُ بِمَا رَحُبَتۡ وَضَاقَتۡ عَلَيۡهِمۡ أَنفُسُهُمۡ وَظَنُّوٓاْ أَن لَّا مَلۡجَأَ مِنَ ٱللَّهِ إِلَّآ إِلَيۡهِ ثُمَّ تَابَ عَلَيۡهِمۡ لِيَتُوبُوٓاْۚ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ هُوَ ٱلتَّوَّابُ ٱلرَّحِيمُ ﴾

سورة التوبة

[And Allah also turned in mercy to] the three who stayed behind[86], until the earth became constrained to them, despite its vastness, and their souls became a burden to them, and they realized that there was no refuge from Allah except in Him. Then He turned to them in mercy, so that they might repent, for Allah is the Accepter of Repentance, the Most Merciful.

﴿ قَالُوٓاْ إِنَّا تَطَيَّرۡنَا بِكُمۡۖ لَئِن لَّمۡ تَنتَهُواْ لَنَرۡجُمَنَّكُمۡ وَلَيَمَسَّنَّكُم مِّنَّا عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٞ ﴾

سورة يس

The people said, “We consider you as an evil omen. If you do not desist, we will surely stone you, and we will inflict upon you a painful punishment.”

﴿ فَإِنَّمَا يَسَّرۡنَٰهُ بِلِسَانِكَ لِتُبَشِّرَ بِهِ ٱلۡمُتَّقِينَ وَتُنذِرَ بِهِۦ قَوۡمٗا لُّدّٗا ﴾

سورة مريم

So, [O Muḥammad], We have only made it [i.e., the Qur’ān] easy in your tongue [i.e., the Arabic language] that you may give good tidings thereby to the righteous and warn thereby a hostile people.

﴿ يَٰٓأَبَتِ إِنِّي قَدۡ جَآءَنِي مِنَ ٱلۡعِلۡمِ مَا لَمۡ يَأۡتِكَ فَٱتَّبِعۡنِيٓ أَهۡدِكَ صِرَٰطٗا سَوِيّٗا ﴾

سورة مريم

O my father, indeed there has come to me of knowledge that which has not come to you, so follow me; I will guide you to an even path.

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Abu Sa‘īd al-Khudri (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: Once the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) was leading his Companions in prayer when all of a sudden he removed his sandals and placed them on his left. When the people saw that, they threw off their sandals too. When the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) finished his prayer he said: "What made you all throw off your sandals?" They said: "We saw you throw off your sandals, so we threw off ours." The Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Jibrīl (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) came to me and told me that they had some filth on them (or he said 'dirt')." Then the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: "When anyone of you comes to the mosque, he should look (at his sandals). If he sees any filth or dirt on his sandals, he should wipe it off and pray in them."

Narrated by Abu Daoud - Narrated by Ahmad - Ad-Daarimi

One day, the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) led his Companions in prayer, then he suddenly removed his sandals and placed them on his left. When the Companions (may Allah be pleased with him) saw this, they removed their sandals, following the example of the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him). When he finished his prayer and turned towards them, he saw them in a state that they had not been in when they began the prayer. So, he asked them about the reason why they removed their sandals. They responded with their statement: "We saw you throw off your sandals, so we threw off ours," i.e. following your attitude. They did this because they thought that the permissibility of praying in sandals had been abrogated. So, the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) explained to them why he removed his sandals as he said: "Jibrīl (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) came to me and told me that they had some filth on them (or he said 'dirt')," meaning that Jibrīl (peace be upon him) came to the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) while he was praying and informed him that his sandals were not suitable to pray in because there was filth or dirt on them (the sub-narrator was uncertain which of the two words was used). Then, he said: "When anyone of you comes to the mosque, he should look (at his sandals). If he sees any filth or dirt on his sandals he should wipe it off and pray in them." Meaning that when a person wants to enter the mosque and pray while wearing his sandals, he must check them first. If he sees any filth or dirt on them he must wipe it off by means of rubbing them against the ground or anything else in order to remove it, and then he can pray in them. The Hadīth, however, does not mean that a person must pray in his sandals, rather, he may or may not pray in them. But if he wishes to pray in them, he must be sure of their cleanliness, and then he can pray in them if he likes. Whoever is praying and does not notice an impurity, whether on his sandals, head covering, hat or clothes, and then realizes it later while he is praying, he must quickly remove the soiled item. If filth is on his garment or pants and he is able to remove them without exposing his ‘Awrah, he should remove them. Then, he should continue with his prayer without having to repeat it. If he is unable to remove the soiled item except by having his ‘Awrah exposed, he must leave the prayer, (remove the dirt), cover his ‘Awrah, and repeat the prayer.

Anas ibn Mālik (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: "If the supper is served, then start eating it before praying the Maghrib prayer, and do not be hasty in finishing it."

Narrated by Bukhari & Muslim

If the food is served at the same time that the prayer is about to be performed, then start eating the food before you pray, even if the time for the prayer is a short time, such as that of the Maghrib prayer. The reason is to keep the mind focused on the prayer during the prayer, and not be preoccupied by the food. Abu Ad-Dardā said: "From the signs of a sound mind is to finalize your needs so that the mind is free to focus during the prayer. Al-Bukhāri narrated this Hadīth in a suspended narration.

Abu al-Minhāl Sayyār ibn Salāmah reported: I went with my father to Abu Barzah al-Aslami, and my father asked him: "How did the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) use to perform the obligatory prayers?" Abu Barzah said: "He used to pray Zhuhr, which you call ‘the first one’, as the sun declined at noon, and he prayed ‘Asr at a time after which one of us could go to his house at the farthest place in Madīnah while the sun was still hot." I forgot what he had said about the Maghrib prayer. "And he liked to delay the ‘Ishā' prayer, which you call ‘Atamah, and he disliked to sleep before it and talk after it. After the Fajr prayer, he would leave when a man could recognize the one sitting beside him. He used to recite 60 to 100 verses.'"

Narrated by Bukhari & Muslim

In this Hadīth, Abu Barzah (may Allah be pleased with him) mentioned the times of the obligatory prayers. He first related that the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) used to offer the Zhuhr prayer when the sun began to move from the middle of the sky toward the west. This is the earliest time of the Zhuhr prayer. Then, he would offer the ‘Asr prayer, and after that some worshipers could go to their houses at the farthest place in Madīnah while the sun was still hot. This is the earliest time of the ‘Asr prayer. As for the Maghrib prayer, the narrator forgot what had been said about it. However, it has been established by reports and consensus that its time begins with sunset. The Hadīth also states that the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) liked to delay offering the ‘Ishā' prayer, because the best time to offer it is the latter part of its preferred time. He disliked to sleep before offering ‘Ishā' prayer lest he might delay it beyond its preferred time or miss offering it in congregation. He also feared oversleeping and thus missing Qiyām al-Layl. He disliked having a conversation after offering the ‘Ishā' prayer lest it keeps him from offering the Fajr prayer on time or in congregation. After the Fajr prayer, the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) would leave at a time when a man could recognize the one sitting next to him, even though he would recite 60 to 100 verses in the prayer; an indication that he used to offer the prayer while it was still dark.

Ibn Shihāb reported that ‘Umar ibn ‘Abd al-‘Azīz once delayed the ‘Asr prayer a little. ‘Urwah said to him: "Verily, Jibrīl came down and led the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) in prayer." ‘Umar said: "Watch what you are saying ‘Urwah!" He said: "I heard Bashīr ibn Abi Mas‘ūd say: 'I heard Abu Mas‘ūd say: ‘I heard the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) say: 'Jibrīl came down and led me in prayer, and I prayed with him, then I prayed with him, then I prayed with him, then I prayed with him, then I prayed with him.' And he counted off five prayers on his fingers.''"

Narrated by Bukhari & Muslim

Jibrīl (peace be upon him) used to descend with revelation upon the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him). He used to come in different forms and guises. In this Hadīth, he descended and led him in the five daily prayers in order to show him their designated time. The story wherein the Hadīth was reported reads as follows: ‘Umar ibn ‘Abd al-‘Azīz delayed the ‘Asr prayer a bit after its time. ‘Urwah showed his disapproval of such delay. He told him that Jibrīl came down and led the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) in prayer. ‘Umar was surprised to hear that and instructed ‘Urwah to think carefully of what he was saying and to make sure not to say anything without proof. ‘Urwah told him that he heard Bashīr ibn Abi Mas‘ūd, who heard Abu Mas‘ūd al-Badri, who heard the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) say that Jibrīl came down and led him in prayer in every single prayer of the five daily prayers. He added that he heard this Hadīth and thus learned how to pray, as well as the prayer's designated times, as well as its essential elements.

The Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) delayed the ‘Ishā' prayer, which is called the ‘Atamah, one night. He did not come out till ‘Umar ibn al-Khattāb said: "The women and children had gone to sleep." [In another narration: Until most of the night had elapsed]. The Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) came out and said to the people in the mosque: "None among the inhabitants of earth except you are waiting for it." [In another narration: This is the best time to perform it, had it not been difficult for my Ummah.] This happened before the spread of Islam. Ibn Shihāb said: "It was reported to me that the Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) said: ‘It was not appropriate for you to press the Messenger of Allah to come to prayer’, alluding to ‘Umar ibn al-Khattāb when he gave his loud notification.”

Narrated by Muslim

In this Hadīth, the Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) pointed out the best time for performing the ‘Ishā' Prayer, which is the last part of the first third of the night. However, he did not perform it constantly at this time out of mercy towards his Ummah and fearing that he would thus make things too difficult for them.

Rāfi‘ ibn Khadeīj (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: The Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Offer the Fajr prayer at dawn, for this earns you greater rewards – or brings greater rewards."

Narrated by Ibn Majah - Narrated by Abu Daoud - Narrated by Ahmad

The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) ordered that we should perform the Fajr prayer after the break of dawn, explaining that this is greater in reward, given the certainty that the time of the Fajr prayer has come.

Sa‘īd ibn al-Hārith reported: We asked Jābir ibn ‘Abdullāh about praying in one garment and he said: 'I traveled with the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) on one of his journeys, and I came one night for something I needed and found him praying. I had one garment on me, so I wrapped it around myself and prayed by his side. When he finished, he said: "O Jābir, what has brought you here at night?" I told him of my need. When I finished, he said: "O Jābir, what is this wrapping up that I have seen?" I said: "It is a (tight) garment." He said: "If it is large enough, cover yourself with it; and if it is tight, use it as a waist sheet." The version narrated by Muslim reads: "If it is wide, cross its ends; and if it is tight, pull it around your waist."

Narrated by Bukhari & Muslim

Jābir (may Allah be pleased with him) went with the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) on one of his journeys. One night he wanted something from the Prophet so he went to tell him about it and found him praying. Jābir was wearing only one item of clothing, so he wrapped himself with it and placed it ends on his shoulders, and prayed next to the Prophet. When the Prophet finished praying, he inquired about the reason Jābir was out at this late hour. Jābir told him what he came for, and when he was done, the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) expressed his disapproval of his wrapping himself with his garment because it was tight, and gave him the following order: if the garment is wide then he should wrap his upper and lower body with it, placing it upon his shoulders with the left end on the right shoulder and vice versa, such that it would be an over garment (Ridā) as well as a waist sheet (Izār), covering his entire body. This is more efficient in covering the ‘Awrah and better looking. If the garment is tight and cannot serve as both an over garment and a waist sheet, then he should wear it as a waist sheet only by tightening it around his waist, thereby covering the lower half of his body.

Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: "None of you should offer prayer in a single garment that does not cover the shoulders."

Narrated by Bukhari & Muslim

It is required from the praying person to be in the best appearance while praying, as Allah, the Almighty, has mentioned in the Qur'an: {O children of Adam, take your adornments in every mosque}. Since meeting the kings, nobles, and honorable people necessitates being in the best appearance, so how about meeting Allah who is the King of Kings and Master of Masters?! For this reason the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) encouraged the praying person not to pray with his shoulders exposed, while having something to cover them, or one of them. He prohibited praying in this state, while standing in front of Allah invoking Him.

Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: The Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) said: "The worst of thieves among people is the one who steals his prayer." He said: "How does he steal his prayer?" He said: "He does not perform its Rukū‘ or prostration perfectly."

Narrated by Ibn Hebban

The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) pointed out that the worst thief among people is the one who steals from his prayer. This is because when a person takes the money of others, he may utilize it in worldly life, unlike this thief, who steals his share of the reward. They said: O Messenger of Allah, how does he steal from his prayer? He said: He does not perform its Rukū 'or prostration perfectly; he bows and prostrates himself in haste, so he does not perform them correctly.

Ibn Abi Awfa (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: When the Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) raised his back from Rukū‘ (bowing), he would say: "Sami‘a allāhu liman hamidah, allāhumma rabbana laka al-hamd mil’a as-samawāt wa mil’a al-ard wa mil’a ma shi’ta min shay’in ba‘d" (Allah hears he who praises Him. O Allah, our Lord, to You is the praise as much as fills the heavens, as much as fills the earth, and as much as fills whatever You will thereafter).

Narrated by Muslim