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﴿ وَٱلۡجَآنَّ خَلَقۡنَٰهُ مِن قَبۡلُ مِن نَّارِ ٱلسَّمُومِ ﴾

سورة الحجر

And the jinn[11] We created before that, from smokeless fire.

﴿ وَإِنَّهُمۡ عِندَنَا لَمِنَ ٱلۡمُصۡطَفَيۡنَ ٱلۡأَخۡيَارِ ﴾

سورة ص

47. And they are with Us, verily, of the chosen and the best!

﴿ قُلۡ إِنِّيٓ أَخَافُ إِنۡ عَصَيۡتُ رَبِّي عَذَابَ يَوۡمٍ عَظِيمٖ ﴾

سورة الزمر

13. Say (O Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم): "Verily if I disobey my Lord, I am afraid of the torment of a great Day."

﴿ وَإِذۡ يَقُولُ ٱلۡمُنَٰفِقُونَ وَٱلَّذِينَ فِي قُلُوبِهِم مَّرَضٞ مَّا وَعَدَنَا ٱللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُۥٓ إِلَّا غُرُورٗا ﴾

سورة الأحزاب

12. And when the hypocrites and those in whose hearts is a disease (of doubts) said: "Allâh and His Messenger (صلى الله عليه وسلم) promised us nothing but delusion!"

﴿ أَفَأَمِنُوٓاْ أَن تَأۡتِيَهُمۡ غَٰشِيَةٞ مِّنۡ عَذَابِ ٱللَّهِ أَوۡ تَأۡتِيَهُمُ ٱلسَّاعَةُ بَغۡتَةٗ وَهُمۡ لَا يَشۡعُرُونَ ﴾

سورة يوسف

107. Do they then feel secure from the coming against them of the covering veil of the Torment of Allâh, or of the coming against them of the (Final) Hour, all of a sudden while they perceive not?

﴿ عَلَىٰٓ أَن نُّبَدِّلَ خَيۡرٗا مِّنۡهُمۡ وَمَا نَحۡنُ بِمَسۡبُوقِينَ ﴾

سورة المعارج

To replace them with better than them; and We are not to be outdone.

﴿ ثُمَّ يُعِيدُكُمۡ فِيهَا وَيُخۡرِجُكُمۡ إِخۡرَاجٗا ﴾

سورة نوح

then He will return you into it and then will bring you out again.

﴿ فَسَبِّحۡ بِٱسۡمِ رَبِّكَ ٱلۡعَظِيمِ ﴾

سورة الواقعة

So glorify the Name of your Lord, the Most Great.

﴿ وَيُكَلِّمُ ٱلنَّاسَ فِي ٱلۡمَهۡدِ وَكَهۡلٗا وَمِنَ ٱلصَّٰلِحِينَ ﴾

سورة آل عمران

He will speak to people in the cradle[21] and in maturity, and he will be one of the righteous.”

﴿ أَمۡ يَقُولُونَ ٱفۡتَرَىٰهُۖ قُلۡ فَأۡتُواْ بِسُورَةٖ مِّثۡلِهِۦ وَٱدۡعُواْ مَنِ ٱسۡتَطَعۡتُم مِّن دُونِ ٱللَّهِ إِن كُنتُمۡ صَٰدِقِينَ ﴾

سورة يونس

Or do they say, “He fabricated it?” Say, “Produce then one chapter like it[37], and call upon whoever you can other than Allah, if you are truthful!”

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Abu Hurayrah and Zayd ibn Khālid al-Juhani (may Allah be pleased with both of them) reported that the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) was asked about the unmarried bondmaid who fornicates, and he replied: "If she commits fornication, then flog her; if she commits fornication again, flog her again; and if she commits fornication again, flog her and sell her even for a rope." Ibn Shihāb said: "I am not sure whether the order to sell her is after the third or the fourth time."

Narrated by Bukhari & Muslim

The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) was asked about the corporal punishment prescribed by Shariah for the crime of fornication committed by the unmarried slave girl. So, he replied that she should be flogged, and she deserves to be flogged half the number of times that the free woman receives when committing fornication, which is fifty whips, as Allah, the Almighty, says: {When they are married, if they should commit adultery, they receive half the punishment of free women} [An-Nisā’: 25]. If she fornicates a second time, she should be flogged again fifty times to be deterred from committing this sin again. If she fornicates for the third time and is not deterred by that punishment and does not repent to Allah, the Almighty, and it is feared that she would do it again, then she should be flogged and sold, even at the least price, which is a cheap rope only. This is because there is no good in keeping her and there is no hope in her becoming upright, and her being far away is better than her being close so as not to be a cause of evil in the house where she resides.

Abu Hurayrah and Zayd ibn Khālid al-Juhani (may Allah be pleased with both of them) reported: Two men from among the Bedouins came to the Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) and said: "O Messenger of Allah, I adjure you by Allah to judge me according to the Book of Allah." The other disputant – who was smarter – said: "Yes, judge between us according to the Book of Allah, and give me permission to speak first." The Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) said: ‘Speak.’ He said: "My son was employed by this man, and he committed adultery with his wife. I was told that the punishment for my son would be stoning but that he could be ransomed for one hundred sheep and their offspring. I asked the people of knowledge, and they told me that the punishment for my son would be one hundred lashes and exile for one year and that this woman would be stoned." The Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) said: "By the One in Whose hand my soul is! I will judge between you according to the Book of Allah. The offspring and sheep will be returned, and your son is to be given one hundred lashes and exiled for one year. O Unays, go to that man's wife tomorrow, and if she admits, then stone her." So he went to her the next day, and she admitted it, and the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) gave the order that she be stoned.

Narrated by Bukhari & Muslim

In this Hadīth, an unmarried man committed adultery with the wife of his employer. The father of the fornicator heard that anyone who commits adultery must be stoned. So he ransomed his son by offering one hundred sheep and their offspring to the husband of that woman. Later, he asked the people of knowledge, and they told him that the punishment for his son would be one hundred lashes and exile for one year rather than stoning, and that this married woman would be stoned. Therefore, the husband of the adulteress and father of the fornicator went to the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) together, asking him to judge between them according to the Book of Allah. The Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) judged that the one hundred sheep and their offspring must be returned to the father of the fornicator. He also told the father that his son was to be given one hundred lashes and be exiled for one year, because he was unmarried. Regarding the adulteress, the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) ordered one of his Companions to go to her to verify whether she would admit the crime. The woman admitted it, so he ordered her to be stoned as she was married.

Mujāhid reported: A man threw a sword at his son, which killed him. He was brought to ‘Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) for judgment. ‘Umar said: "Had I not heard the Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) say: ‘A father is not to be killed (in retribution) for killing his child,’ I would have ordered you to be killed before you leave."

Narrated by Ibn Majah - Narrated by At-Termedhy - Narrated by Ahmad

According to the Hadīth, a man threw a sword at his son, causing him to bleed to death. When he was brought to the Commander of the Believers, ‘Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) he said that had he not heard the Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) stating that a father is not to be killed for killing his son or daughter, he would have ordered the father to be killed before even leaving his place. This proves that the general texts stating the legal retribution in cases of deliberate and unrightful murder are not applicable to the case in which a father kills his son or daughter. According to the majority of the scholars, the father is the reason for the existence of the child, who is also part of his father, so the child should not be a reason for his father’s execution. However, the father must, in such a case, pay the blood money, as proven by another narration classified as Hasan by Al-Albāni, according to which ‘Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) took the blood money from the father.

‘Ubādah ibn As-Sāmit (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Learn from me, learn from me. Allah has ordained another way for them (women who commit illegal sexual intercourse). (If) a virgin (commits adultery) with a virgin, (the punishment will be) one hundred lashes and exile for a year. (If) a non-virgin (commits adultery) with a non-virgin, (the punishment will be) one hundred lashes and stoning (to death).”

Narrated by Muslim

This Hadīth shows that Allah, the Almighty, revealed a final prescribed punishment for those who commit fornication or adultery, whether or not they got married before. A virgin who fornicates is to be lashed one hundred times and exiled from his/her country. Also, a previously married man or woman who commits adultery is to be lashed and stoned to death. This ruling abrogated the verse of Sūrat An-Nisā', or explained what is meant by the "another way" mentioned in the verse. Allah, the Exalted, says: {Those who commit unlawful sexual intercourse of your women - bring against them four [witnesses] from among you. And if they testify, confine the guilty women to houses until death takes them or Allah ordains for them [another] way.} [Sūrat An-Nisā': 15]

Ibn ‘Abbās (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: When Mā‘iz ibn Mālik came to the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) (in order to confess adultery), the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said to him: "Probably you have only kissed, winked, or looked (at the lady)?" He said: "No, O Messenger of Allah." The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: using no euphemism: "Did you copulate with her?" The narrator added: "At that, (i.e. after his confession) the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) ordered that he be stoned (to death)."

Narrated by Bukhari

This Hadīth is about the story of Mā‘iz (may Allah be pleased with him) who went to the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) to confess that he had committed adultery. Initially, the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) wanted to verify his sanity, the validity of his confession, and whether or not he precisely understood what adultery meant. This was because he might have committed some introductory acts of adultery that would not amount to the crime of adultery itself, but thought that such acts were considered adultery. Therefore, the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) first asked him about kissing, winking and the like. When the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) verified that Mā‘iz knew what real adultery was, he ordered him to be stoned to death after verifying the validity of his confession.

‘Ā’ishah (may Allah be pleased with her) reported: When my vindication was revealed, the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) got up onto the pulpit, mentioned what happened, and recited (the verses of the Qur'an that had been revealed). When he came down from the pulpit, he ordered that the two men and the woman (who made the false accusation) be given their prescribed punishment (eighty lashes).

Narrated by Ibn Majah - Narrated by At-Termedhy - Narrated by Abu Daoud - Narrated by Ahmad

In this Hadīth, ‘Ā’ishah (may Allah be pleased with her) reported that when her innocence from the false accusation of adultery was revealed, the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) gave a speech from the pulpit in which he informed Muslims about it and recited the verses that had been revealed about ‘Ā’ishah’s innocence. He came down from the pulpit and administered the punishment for false accusation on those who had falsely accused ‘Ā’ishah of committing adultery. They were two men; Hassān ibn Thābit and Mistah ibn Uthāthah, and a woman; Himnah bint Jahsh. The punishment was eighty lashes and was administered because the falsehood of their accusation had been proven.

Ibn ‘Abbās (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that Hilāl ibn Umayyah went to the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) and accused his wife of committing illegal sexual intercourse with Sharīk ibn Sahmā'. The Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Either you provide proof, or you will receive the legal punishment on your back." Hilāl said: "O Messenger of Allah, if one of us saw a man on top of his wife, should he go and look for witnesses?" The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) kept saying: "Either you provide proof, or you will receive the legal punishment on your back." Hilāl then said: "By the One Who sent you with the Truth, I am truthful, and Allah will reveal to you what will save my back from the legal punishment." Then (the following) was revealed: {And for those who accuse their wives...} [Sūrat An-Nūr: 24:6] He kept reciting until he reached: {...if he was of the truthful.} [ Sūrat An-Nūr: 24:9]. Then the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) left and had her summoned. So Hilāl came and took an oath. So the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) was saying: "Allah knows that one of you is a liar, so, will either of you repent?" Then the woman got up and took the oaths, and when she was about to take the fifth one, the people stopped her and said to her: "It will definitely bring about Allah's curse upon you (if you are guilty)." So she hesitated and recoiled so much that we thought that she would withdraw her denial. But she said: "I will not dishonor my family for the rest of their days." The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) then said: "Watch her, if she delivers a child with eyes that appear to have kohl on them, big bottoms, and fat shins, then it is Sharīk ibn Sahmā's child." (Later) she gave birth to a child fitting that description. So the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: "If it had not been settled in the Book of Allah, there would have been a matter between me and her."

Al-Bukhari and Muslim. This is the wording of Al-Bukhari

This Hadīth indicates that Hilāl ibn Umayyah (may Allah be pleased with him) accused his wife of committing adultery with Sharīk ibn Sahmā'. Therefore, the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) asked Hilāl to bring proof, and otherwise he would receive the prescribed punishment for false accusations, which consists of flogging one's back. Hilāl wondered if a man should see his wife committing adultery with a man and go find witnesses! However, the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) insisted on providing the proof, and otherwise the relevant punishment would be applied against the accuser. Abu Ya‘la reprorts in his Musnad on the authority of Anas ibn Mālik that the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) asked Hilāl to bring four witnesses or else he would apply the prescribed punishment against him. On that, Hilāl swore by Allah, Who sent the Prophet with the truth, that he was saying the truth about his wife's adultery with Sharīk, and prayed that Allah would reveal something that would exonerate him from the punishment. So Jibrīl came down with revelation: {And for those who accuse their wives...} [Sūrat An-Nūr: 6] He recited it until he reached: {...if he was of the truthful} [ Sūrat An-Nūr: 9]. Hilāl came forward and gave his testimony. The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said that Allah knew that one of the spouses was lying and wondered if either of them would repent. It seems that the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said that after they finished taking their oaths of repudiation. Based on this, the one who lies has to repent. Alternatively, he said that before they took the oaths so as to warn them. The woman also testified. When she was ready to take the fifth oath, the people prevented her from proceeding. They told her that this fifth oath was consequential, for it would remove her from Allah's mercy and incur the torment in the Hereafter upon her if she was not saying the truth. So, as Ibn ‘Abbās said: she slowed down, stopped, and drew back, meaning that she kept silent after the fourth oath. People thought that she would recant her falsification of her husband's charge and her exoneration of herself. She noted that she would not bring shame upon her family for the rest of time by revoking her oath and credit her husband. Therefore, she took the fifth oath of repudiation. The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) asked the people to check the child that would be born: if he had dark eyelashes, as if he had kohl on them, big buttocks, and fat shins, then the boy was the son of Sharīk ibn Sahmā'. Resemblance is a good proof in cases other than repudiation. The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) remarked that if it were not the divine judgment that the punishment is inapplicable if the repudiation oaths are taken, he would apply the punishment against the woman. He wanted to make her case a lesson to be learned. That was the first case of Li‘ān in Islam, and verses of the Qur’an were sent down concerning it.

Jābir (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said: “Cutting (off hands) does not apply to a traitor, an usurper, or an embezzler.”

Narrated by Ibn Majah - Narrated by At-Termedhy - An-Nasaa’i - Narrated by Abu Daoud - Narrated by Ahmad - Ad-Daarimi

Allah enjoined cutting off a thief's hand as a legal punishment for the crime of theft. However, this punishment is not applicable to other similar crimes, such as embezzlement, extortion, or usurpation. The rationale behind this distinction is that the occurrence of these crimes is rare compared with theft. Also, the condition for cutting off a hand, which is taking an object from its secure place, may be inapplicable to or may differ in these crimes. Furthermore, in other crimes the object taken could be returned through the ruler (competent authority), because the evidence against the culprit could easily be established. On the other hand, the punishment for theft is grave, because it involves taking something secretly from its secure place.

Muhammad ibn Yahya ibn Hibbān reported: A slave stole a plant of a palm-tree from the orchard of a man and planted it in the orchard of his master. The owner of the plant went out in search of the plant and found it. He sought help against the slave from Marwān ibn al-Hakam, who was the Governor of Madīnah at that time. Marwān confined the slave and intended to cut off his hand. The slave's master went to Rāfi‘ ibn Khadīj and asked him about that case. Rāfi‘ told him that he had heard the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) say: "The hand is not to be cut off for taking fruit or Kathar (the pith of the palm-tree)." The man then said: "Marwān has seized my slave and wants to cut off his hand. I wish you would go with me to him and tell him what you have heard from the Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him)." Rāfi‘ ibn Khadīj went with him to Marwān ibn al-Hakam. Rāfi‘ said to him: "I heard the Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) say: ‘The hand is not to be cut off for taking fruit or Kathar.'" So Marwān gave orders to release the slave, and he was released.

Narrated by Ibn Majah

A slave owned by a man stole a small palm-tree from the orchard of another man and planted it in the orchard of his master. When the owner of the stolen palm trees learned about theft, he wanted to take the slave to Marwān ibn al-Hakam, who was the Governor of Madīnah at that time, in order to have his hand cut off. However, upon the request of the slave's owner, Rāfi‘ ibn Khadīj (may Allah be pleased with him) told Marwān that the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) mentioned that the hand is not to be cut off for taking fruit or pith of the palm-tree (a tissue in the stems of palm trees). Upon hearing that ruling which was authentically attributed to the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) Marwān released the slave. This Hadīth proves that the hand of a thief is not to be cut off for taking fruits from an orchard or so, because the stolen item is not kept in a safe place.

‘Abdullāh ibn ‘Amr ibn al-‘Ās (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) was asked about fruit on the tree. He said: "Whatever a needy person eats without putting any in his pocket (and taking it away), there is no penalty on him. But whoever takes something away, he must pay a fine of twice its value and receive punishment. Whoever steals something after it has been stored properly, and its value amounts to the price of a shield, his hand must be cut off."

Narrated by Ibn Majah - Narrated by At-Termedhy - An-Nasaa’i - Narrated by Abu Daoud